Africa

pgs 666-669 Outline Notes:

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa MI: Until World War I, Africa was one of the largest land masses that was not being controlled by an powers of Western Europe. However, it did not take long for groups such as the British and the French to venture into parts of Africa. In these regions, the French and British being two of the largest powers at the time the African people did not know anything else but to just go along with their rules and regulations.
 * Africa was not really under Europes control until only decades before World War I. However, precolonial missionary efforts had produced small groups of western-educated Africans in parts of west and south central Africa.
 * Most western loyal Africans were staunchly loyal to their British and French overlords during the First World War. Britain and French forces began to rely on the manpower and raw materials of the African people. However this reliance took a toll on colonial domination.
 * African merchants and farmers suffered from shipping shortages and the sudden decrease in the demand for goods such as cocoa. African villagers were not happy that they had to go hungry so that their would be enough crops to feed the armies of the allies.
 * Europeans kept few promises of better jobs and public honors which they had made during the war to persuade young Africans to enlist in the armed forces or to serve as colonial administrators.
 * Major strikes and riots broke out repeatedly after the war. In the British colonies there was a considerably higher amount of tolerance for political organization, however there were still riots strikes, and outright rebellions.
 * Western Europeans did not directly link themselves to urban workers and peasants many elite colonies began to emerge in the growing African states. In the early state of this process charistmatic African American political figures such as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders.
 * In teh 1920's there was much effort that was put into attempts to arouse all-Africa loyalties and build pan-Africa organizations. However the leadership of these organizations were mainly African American and west Indian. Delegates from colonized areas in Africa faced different challenges under different colonial overlords.
 * pan-Africansim proved to be unworkable in Africa itself however, its well attended conferences did much to arouse anticolonial sentiments among the western educated Africans.
 * Negritude literary movement nurtured by exiles did much to combat racial stereotyping that had long held the Africans to psychologial bondage to the Europeans.
 * Writers such as Leopold Sedar Senghor celebrated the beauty of black skin and the African physique. They argued that in postcolonial era African peoples had built societies where women freer, old people were better cared for, and attitudes toward sex were far healthier than they had ever been in the "civilized" West.
 * Most early political organizations were to loosely structured to be considered by true political parties. However, there was a growing recognition by some leaders of the need to build mass base. Beginning in the 1930's a new generation of leaders made more vigorous attacks on the policies of the British. Through their newspapers and political associations they also reached out to African villagers and the young, who had played little role in the nationalist agitation.

pgs 723-727

The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa MI: Due to the terrible losses that were already passed by World War I, the devastations of World War II became far worse for the people of Africa to handle. Nationalist leaders such as Kwame Nkumrah were forced to try to pass reforms in order to make life a little bettter for the people under his rule. He tried to increase the production rates, but not all of his plans turned out to be a success.
 * World War II soon had been proved to be even more disruptive to the colonial order of Africa then World War I. Forced labor and confiscations of crops amd minerals returned and inflation controlled markets cit down on African earnings. African recruits on the hundreds of thousands were drawn once more to the conflict that had greater oppurtunites and resources to destroy the Europeans. They fought bravely only to be forced to undergo new racial disrimination once they returned home. The swift and humiliating rout of the French and Belgians by Nazi armies in the spring of 1940 shattered whatver was left of the colonies reputation for military success. It also led to embarassing struggle between forces of the puppet Vichy regime and those of de Gaulle's Free French who continued to fight the Nazis mainly in France and the north and west African colonies.
 * Wartime needs of both the British and the Free French led to major departures from longstanding policies that had restricted industrial development throughout Africa. Factories were established to process urgently needed vegetable oils, foods, and minerals in western and south central Africa. In turn contributed to a growing migration on the parts of African peasants to the towns and a sharp spurt in African urban growth.
 * There were considered to be two main paths to urban decolonization.The first was pioneered by Kwame Nkrumah and his followers in the British Gold Coast colony which launched the process of decolonization in Africa. He was a sort of more radical leader that emerged throughout Africa after the war.
 * The restrictions of government-controlled marketing and favoritism for the British merchants led to widespread but nonviolent protest in the coastal cities. But after the police fired on a peaceful demonstration of ex-servicemen in 1948, rioting broke out in many towns.
 * Both urban workers and cash crop farmers supported the unrest, Western educated African leaders were slow to organize the dissident groups sustained in the mass movement.
 * Nkumrah eventually chose to leave the cause and resign his position to the chair of the Gold Coast, but he founded his own party the Convention People's Party (CPP). Before the formal break he had signaled the arrival of a new style of politics by organizing mass rallies, boycotts, and strikes.
 * During this time period, the Belgians completed a much hastier retreat from their huge colonial possession in the Congo. Their virtual flight was epitomized by the fact that there was little in the way of the new nationalist movement.
 * At indpendence in 1960, there were only 16 African graduates (college) in a Congolese population that exceeded over 13 million.

Repression and Guerillaa War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies MI: After World War II, many different powers tried to control the various regions of Africa. During this time period, many of the nationalist leaders began to try nonviolent tactics to show their concern and discontent, however as they continued to go ignored they had to chose to either react in a violent way or to not be able to make any changes at all.
 * The pattern of relatively peaceful withdrawal by stages that characterized the process of decolonization in most of Asia and Africa proved unworkable in most of the settler colonies. The presence of European settler communities varying in a size of millionson South Africa and Algeria to tens of thousands in Kenya and southern Rhodesia blocked both the rise of indifenous nationalist movements and concessions on the part of the colonial overlords.
 * The settlers regarded the colonies to which they had emigrated as their permanent homes they fought all attempts to turn political control over to the African majority or even to grant them civil rights. They also reused all reforms by colonial administrators that required them to give up any of the lands they had occupied often at the expense of the indigenous African people. However as they were unable to make headway through nonviolent protests or negotitations with the French and British officials African leaders had no choice but to turn to violent revolutionary struggles to fight for their independence.
 * The first of these revolutions erupted in Kenya in the early 1950's Impatient with the failure of the nonviolent approach Jomo Jenyatta and the leading nationalist party, the Kenya African Union (KAU), an underground coalesced around a group of more radical leaders. After forming the Land Freedom Army in the early 1950's the radicals mounted a campaign of terror and guerrila warfare against the British, the settlers, and the Affricans who were considered collaboraters. At the height of the struggle in 1954 some 200,000 rebels were in action in the capital of Nairobi and in the forest reserves of the central Kenyan highlands. The British respondedwith an allout military effort to crush the guerilla movement which was dismissed as an explosion of African savagery and labeled the Mau Mau by the colonizers not the rebels.
 * The reber movement had been military defeated by 1956 at the cost of thousands of lives. The British were not in the mood to negotiate with the nationalists despite strong objections from the European settlers. Kenyatta was released from prison and he emerged as the new spokesperson for the Africans of Kenya.
 * By the mid-1950's the National Liberation Front (FLN) had mobilized large segments of the Arab and Berber peoples of colony to revolt against the French. High ranking French army officers came to see the defeatof this movement as a way to restore a reputuation that had been badly tarnished by recent defeats in Vietnam.
 * In contrast to Kenya, the Algerian struggle was prolonged and brutalized by a violent settler backlash. Led after 1960 by the Secret Army Organization (OAS) it ws directed against Arabs and Berbers as well as French who favored Independence for the colonies. With strong support from elements in the French military earlier resistence by the settlers had managed to topple the government in Paris in 1958 which put an end to the Fourth Republic

The Peristence of White Supremecy in South Africa: MI: After the war and when many reforms were being introduced new politcal systems were introduced. One of the most important was the newly developed system of the Afrikaners known as the apartheid. The laws under this really resticted the roles of colored peoples in politics, society, and the nations economic system.
 * In south Africa violent revolutions put an end to white settler domination in the Portugese colinies of Angola and Mozambique in 1975 and in southern Rhodesia by 1980. It was only in southern Africa that the white minority manage to maintain its position of supremecy. Its ability to do so rested on several factors that distinguished it from other settler societies.
 * The white population of South Africa divided between the Dutch decended Afikaners and the more recently arrived English speakers. However Enlsih speakers were still a minority in the colonies. 23 million black Africans, and 3.5 million East Indians and coloreds made up the majority of the population by the 1980's South Africa's settler-descended population had reached 4.5 million.
 * Unlike the settlers in Kenya and Algeria who had the option of retreating to Europe as full citizens of France or Great Britain. They had lived in South Africa as long as other Europeans had in North America and they considered themselves quite distinct from the Dutch.
 * Afrikaner National Party emerged as the majority to the party of all white South African legislature the National party devoted itself to winning complete independence from Britain and to establishing lasting white dominance over the political, social, and economic life of the new nation.
 * A rigid system of racial segregation was then formed. This became known as apartheid by the Afrikaners, established aster 1948 through the passage of thousands of laws. Among other things this legislation reserved the best jobs for whites and carefully defined the sorts of contacts permissionable between groups of different racial groups. The right to vote and political representation were denied to black Africans and ultimately to the coloreds and the Indians.
 * These restrictions combined with very limited oppurtunities for higher education for black Africans hampered the growth of black African political parties and their efforts to mobilize popular support for the struggle of decolonization.

pgs 804-806 South Africa: The Apartheid State and its Demise MI: One of the regions of Africa that was the heaviest hit by the devastations of World War I was those of Southern Africa. Not only did the people suffer from the devastating losses, but they had to toughest time gaining their independence. They tried to reform, but kept getting shut down by the British and the French forces. Their were many new and old racial distinctions, after World War I they began to increase to the points where riots and rallies began to break out into the streets and towns. > off to maximum-security prisons. Other leaders such as Steve Biko were murdered while in the polices custody.
 * South Africa was not the only area still under the form of colonial dominance after the liberation of India in 1947. However, by the 1970's South Africa was by far the largest, most populous, richest, and most strategic area where most of the population had yet to be liberated by their colonial domination. Since the 1940's the white settlers particularly the Dutch had solidified their internal control of the country under leadership of the national party. There were many stages where blacks who made up a vast majority of the total population were not allowed to vote.
 * Apartheid was designed not only to ensure a monopoly of political power and economic dominance for the white minority, both Britsh and Dutch descended but also imposed a system of extreme segregation of all races of South Africa in every aspect of their lives. Seperate and patently unequal facilities were established for different racial groups for recreation, education, housing, work, and medical care. Dating and sexual intercourse across racial lines were strictly prohibited and high-paying jobs were reserved for white workers only. Nonwhites were required to carry passes that listed the parts of South Africa where they were required to live. If they were ever caught by the police without their passes or in the areas where they were not permitted to travel, nonwhite South Africans were routinely given stiff jail sentences.
 * Spatial seperation was also organized on a grander scale with the createion of numerous homelands within South Africa, each being designed for main ethnoligistic or "tribal" groups within the black African population. The homeland scheme left the black African majority with a small portion of some of the poorest land in South Africa. Homelands were generally overpopulated and poverty-stricken. This meant that the white minority was guaranteed a cheap black labor to work their facoties and mines and on their farms. These laborers were denied citizenship and would have been forcebly returned to their homelands where they had left their wives and children which emigrating in search for work.
 * The white minority had to build a police state to expand a large portion of the federal budget on a sophisticated and well trained military establishment.
 * Black organizations sich as the African National Congress were declared illegal and African leaders such as Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela were shipped
 * Throug spies and police informers the regime tried to capitalize on person and ethnic divisions within the black majority community. Favoritism was shown to some leaders and groups to keep them from uniting with others to form an all out opposition to the apartheid.
 * The south African govenment responded in the 1980's by declaring a state of emergency which only intensified the restrictions that were already in place in the garrison state. The government repeatedly justified the repression by labeling virtually all black protest as communist-inspired and playing on the racial fears of the white minority.
 * F.W.de Klerk was a moderate Afrikaner who pushed for reforms that began to dismantle the apartheid. The release of key black political prisoners such as the freeing of Nelson Mandela in 1990 signaled that at long last the leaders of the white majority were ready to negotiate the future of South African politicas and society. Permission for peaceful mass demonstrations and ultimately for enfranchisement of all adult South Africans for the 1994 elections provided a way out of the dead end in which the apartheid trapped them under.
 * The national party led under Nelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa, became successful. He won to other nationalist leaders F.W. de Klerk. Bitter interehtnic rivalries within the black community periodically flared into bloody battles between the Zulus and the Xhosas in the 1990's.

The economy wass based on the exportation of slave trade Portugal || started as an uprising against forced cotton harvesting || Holden Alvaro Roberto led the first national movement in 1956 Savimbi- against nationalism || Today plagued by war large controversy over control of mines guerilla warfare still require aid from other nations life expectency is the worst in the world. || Africans worked in mines as indentured laborers on for to seven year contracts || Leopold II Patrice Lumumba- Prime minister of the Congo || Democratic Republic of the Congo undeveloped social unrests corruption in the elctions for a new president. || Became violent on February 28 1848 under the BIG SIX most of the famous nationalist leaders. They originally did not want this to become violent, but it turned out violent when other got involved. boycotts; strikes for workers || Dr. Kwame Nkumrah General Secretary || one of the highest GDP in Africa Subsistence agriculture. One of the most stable countries in Africa economically. || Peaceful movements 1891 became "French Guinea" 1898 Samourey Toure leads resistench to French occupation but fails and is exiled to Gabom 1945 France = weak government || Cadre Ahmed Sekou Toure 1958-1984 || New president Alpha Conde after several years of elections. 1990-1996 Lasana Conte officially elected president by elections, however people think that the polls were rigged. lot of natural resources. || 1895 British took over after the Berlin Conference agricultural porduction was the patriarchs extended family pressures of overpopulation and the prospects of cash crops made subsistence economic system || president current goals are to improve the economy Jomo Kenyatta- president from 1964-1978 nonviolent appraoch || Deomcracy but there is still an increase in corruption many of the politicans are just asking as puppets for other people. socially people are fighting against each other and the president because they want new ones. bad economy || at first was very violent || Philibert Tsiranana was a pro-Western leader who was pro-western after being formed into a rebublic || There were high economic troubles ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Have they gained independece in a successful way? ||
 * Algeria || My Project || My project || My project || my project || my project ||
 * Angola || November 11, 1975 || Formed as a slave colony in the 15th century by Portugal
 * Belgian Congo || June 30,1960 || Belgians || High violence rates
 * Ghana || March 15, 1957 Ghana was first colonized || British || Nonviolent under Nkumrah
 * Guinea || 0ctober 2, 1958 || French in the 1890's || Cadre in 1946
 * Kenya || December 12, 1963 || British || Jomo Kenyatta Union and Land of Freedom Army mountd a campaign of terror against the British
 * Madagascar || June 26, 1960 || French || oppressed by the French

South Africa:

Date of Independence May 31, 1910 Declared Republic May 31 1961'

Cape Colony

Leaders Nelson Mandela De Klerk Jacob Zuma

Very violent

Triggers for Change literacy movement forced labor confiscation of crops and minerals inflation

They were successfuk: wanted to gain complete independene from Britain in 1961

In 1948 white government came to power land redistribution- attempting to be fixed by 2014 Zimbabwee: 1965 Ian Smith issued Unilatrtal Declaration of Independence 1970 leadership changed to Rhodesia a republic April 18,1980 became officially

Triggers White minority

Key Leaders Canaan Banana First president April 18 19080 to Decmember 31 1987

Robert Mugabe successor in 1987 and is stil current president.

Lot of corruption one of richest now one of the poorest. not enough money for education many droughts, no water embargoes were placed by the British