China-The+West


 * 5. Take outline notes on China from 1912-Present (20 points)**
 * Toward Revolution in China 685-689
 * MI: After the fall of the Qing dynasty (mainly ruled by the Manchus), China began its first major steps towards a revolution. Chinese society was facing difficulties to form back into the once all powerful nation. The Chinese society was now faced with brutal warfare and various struggles within political, economic, and social systems and structures under various leaders.
 * The abdication of Puyi, the Manchu boy emperor in 1912 marked the end of a century long losing struggle on the part of the Qing dynasty to protect the Chinese civilization from foreign invaders and revolutionary threats from within.
 * After the fall of the Qing dynasty, the best-position of the contendors for power were regionally based military commanders or warlords, who would dominate Chinese politics for the next three decades.
 * Many of the warlords combined in cliques or alliances to protect their own territories and to crush neighbors and annex their lands.
 * The most powerful of these cliques centered in North China was led by Yuan Shikai who hoped to seize the vacated Manchi throne and found a new dynsaty.
 * By the virtue of their wealth the merchants and bankers of coastal cities like Shanghai and Canton made up a second power center in post-Manchu China. Their involvement in politics resulted from their willingness to bankroll both favored warlords and Western educated middle-class politicians like Sun Yat-sen.
 * Sometimes supportive of the urban civilian politicians and sometimes wary of them, university students and their teachers as well as independent intellectuals provided yet another factor in the complete post-Qing political equation.
 * The intellectuals and students played critical roles in shaping new idealogies to rebuild Chinese civilization they were virtually defenseless in a situatioin in which force was essential to those who hoped to exert political force.
 * Deeply divided, but stron in others, secret societies represented another contender for power. Like many in the military members of these societies envisioned the restoration of monarchial rule, but under Chinese not a foreign dynasty.


 * China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative
 * MI: Sun Yat-sen was one of the most powerful leaders of the Chinese revolutionary efforts, leading one of the most remembered independence movements of China, on May 4, 1919 which began the true resistence of intellectuals and students against the Chinese government.
 * Sun Yat-sen headed the Revolutionary Alliance, a loose coalition of anti-Qing political groups that had spearheaded the 1911 revolt.
 * After the Qing was toppled Sun claimed that he and the parties of the alliance were the rightful claimants to the mandate to rule all of China.
 * However he could do little to assert civilian control in the face of warlord opposition. The Revolutionary Alliance had little power and virtually no popular support outside the urban trading centers of the coastal areas in central and South China. Even these areas civilians were at the mercy of the local warlords.
 * The alliance formally selected Sun president at the end of 1911 and set up a parliamentary modeled after those in Europe and chose cabinets with great fanfare,
 * Sun Yat-sen conceded this reality when he resigned the acting presidency in favor of the northern warlord Yuan Shikai in 1912.
 * At first he feigned sympathy for the democratic aims of the alliance leaders but soon revealed his true intentions.
 * He took foreign loans to build up his military forces and buy out most of the bureaucrats in the capital at Bejing.
 * When Sun and other leaders of the Revolutionary Alliance called for a second revolution to oust Yuan in the years after 1912 he made a full use of his military power and more underhanded methods such as assasinations to put down their oppostition.
 * As England's ally according to terms of a 1902 treaty, Japan immediately entered the war on the side of the Entente or Western allied powers.
 * As one of the victorious allies of World War I, Japan managed to solidify its hold on northern China by winning control of the former German concessors in the peace in the peace negotiations at Versailles in 1919.
 * The Chinese had also allied themselves to the Entente powers during the war. Enraged by what they viewed as a betrayal by the Entente powers, students and nationalist politicians organized by mass demonstrations in numerous Chinese cities on May 4, 1919.
 * The fourth of May,1919, the day when the resistence began, gave its name to a movement in which intellectuals and students played a leading role.
 * Initially at least the May Fourth movement was aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy. Its program was enunciated in numerous speeches, pamphlets, novels, and newspaper articles.
 * Confucianism was ridiculed and rejected in a favor of a wholehearted acceptance of all that Western advocacies had to offer.
 * The Bolshevik victory and the programs launched to rebuild Russia prompted Chinese intellectuals to give serious attention to the works of Marx and other socialist thinkers and the potential they offered for the regeneration of China.
 * The most influential of the thinkers who called for a reworking of Marxist ideology to fit China's situation was Li Dazhoa.
 * Li was frmo peasant origins but he had exelled in school and eventually became a college teacher.
 * He headed the Marxist study circle.that developed after 1919.
 * Li's version of Marxism included elements that made it suitable for China and had a great appeal for students including the young Mao Zedong. They were angered by what they perceived as China's betrayal by the imperialist powers.
 * They shared Li's hostility to merchants and commerce which appeared to dominate the West.
 * They too longed for a return to a political system, like the Confucian in which those who governed were deeply committed to social reform and social welfare.
 * In the Summer of 1921 in an attempt to unify the growing Marxist wing of the nationalist struggle, a handful of leaders from different parts of China met in secret in the city of Shanghai.
 * The party was miniscule in terms of the number of their supporters and at this time it was still dogmatically fixed on a revolutionary program oriented ti the small and scattered working class. The communists at keast offered a clear alternative to fill the ideological and institutional void left by the collapse of the Confucian order.


 * The Seizure of China's Guomindang
 * MI: The Communist party was beginning to gain much ground in China's growing social systems. However, the major struggles lay within the battles betwen Nationalists and Communists. Many great leaders such as Chiang Kai-Shek and Mao Zedong were a result of this time period of great war and conflict.
 * In the years when the communist movement in China was being put together by urban students and intellectuals at the Guomindang, or Nationalist party which was to prove the communists' great rival for the mandate to rule in China was struggling to survive in the South.
 * Nationalists began to slow the process of forging alliances with a key social group and building an army of their own, which they now viewed as the only way to rid China of the War Lord Menance Yuan Shikai.
 * Sun strove to enunciate a nationalist ideology that gave something to everyone.
 * It stressed the need to unify China under a strong central government, to bring the imperialist indtruders under control and to introduce social reforms that would alleviate the poverty of the peasants and the oppressive working conditions of the laboreres in China's cities.
 * Unfortunately for the great majority of the Chinese people, for whom social reforms were the main concern, the Nationalist leaders concentrated on political and international issues, such as relations with the Western powers and Japan, ande failed ti implement most of the domestic programs the proposed most especially land reform.
 * In 1924, the Whampoa Military Academy was founded with the Soviet help and partailly staffed by Russian indtructors.
 * The academy gave the Nationalists a critical military dimesion to their poltical maneuvering.
 * The first head of the academy was an abitious young militayr officer named Chiang Kai-Shek.
 * The son of a poor salt merchant Chiang had made his career in the military and by virtue of connections with powerful figures in the Shanghai world.
 * He was willing to bide his time until he had military strength to deal with both the communists and the warlords who remained the major obstacles to the Nationalists seizure of power.
 * Political tensions distracted the Nationalists leaders from the growing deterioration of the economy.
 * The peasantry, 90% of the population suffered increasing misery.
 * Famine and disease stalked the countryside while irrigation systems deteriorated.
 * Many peasants could not eben bury their deceased oarents, whose bodies were left for animals to devour.
 * Sun gave lip service ti the Nationalist party's need to deal with the peasant problem.


 * Mao and the Peasant Option
 * MI: Mao Zedong was the opposition of Chiang Kai-Shek being the leader of the growing Communist party. Zedong became known as a powerful yet hostile leader, and although gained a lot of ground for the communist people, he destroyed a lot of people's lives, many of those being the lives of the large percentage of the population; the peasants.
 * Chiang quicly turned against the communists attacking them in various places.
 * A brutal massacre occured in Shanghai in 1927, with many workers gunned down or beheaded.
 * Chiang carefully wooed support from western Europe and the Unted States were lining up most police and landlord leaders at home.
 * An attack on the communist rural stronhold in south central China supported by German advisors caused Mao to spearhead a Long March of 90,000 followers in 1934 across thousands of miles to the more remote northeast.
 * The Long March solidified Mao's leadership of Chinese communism and gave many followers a sense that they could not be defeated, it was the Japanese invasions in the 1930s that would begin to give communists a new advantage.
 * Chiang had to ally with communists to fight the Japanese threat while his own power base along the coast was eroded by the powerful Japanese advances.
 * The Chinese revolution was noe declared far from over.

>>> In the four-year war that followed communists followed communist soldiers of the Nationalists, many whom switched to the communist side. >>> Chiang did all he could in order to undermine the alliance and continue the anticommunist struggle by underhanded means.
 * Mao’s China and Beyond 823-830
 * MI: Under Mao Zedong, China's social and poltical structures tightened once more, so that China could become a greater nation than it had previously been. However, getting China to this place of stablility was difficult and a hard journey.
 * China was clearly shifting in the communists’ favor.
 * By 1949 it was over. Chiang and what was left of his armies fled to tChiang Kai-Shek was led an anticommunist party, which he was convinced was on the verge of a victory. However his crusades had been rudely interrupted by the invasion of the Japanese invasion of the Chinese mainland.
 * Forced by military commanders to concentrate on the Japanese threat, Chiang grudgingly formed a military alliance with the communists.
 * For the next sever years the war against Japan took priority over the civil war in the contest to control China.
 * Even though it brought more suffering to the Chinese people, the Japanese invasion was enormously advantageous for the Communist party.
 * The Japanese invaders captured much of the Chinese coast, where the cities were the centers of the business and mercantile backers of the Nationalists.
 * Chiang’s conventional military forces were pummeled by the superior air, land, and sea forces of the Japanese.
 * The Nationalists attempts to meet the Japanese conventional battles led to disasters; their inability to defend their coastal provinces lowered their standing in the eyes of the Chinese people.
 * The guerilla warfare that the communists waged against the Japanese armies proved to be far more effective than Chiang’s conventional approach.
 * With the Nationalist extermination campaigns suspended the communists used their control over large areas of northern China.
 * By the end of World War II, the Nationalists controlled mainly the cities in the north; they had eventually become islands surrounded by a sea of revolutionary peasants.
 * Communist’s successes and their determination to fight the Japanese won them the support of most of China’s intellectuals and many of the students who had once supported the nationalists claims.
 * By 1945, the balance of power within he Island of Formosa which was renamed Taiwan and Mao proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in Beijing.
 * The Japanese invasion proved critical in the communist drive to victory. Equally important however, were the communists’ social and economic reform programs which eventually won the great majority of the peasantry, the students and intellectuals, and even many of the bureaucrats to their side.
 * Land reforms, access to education, and improved health care, gave the peasantry a real stake in Mao’s revolutionary movement and a good reason to defend the soviets against both the nationalists and the Japanese.
 * In contrast to Chiang’s armies, whose arrival meant theft, rape, and murder to China’s villagers, Mao’s soldiers were indoctrinated with the need to protect the peasantry and win their support. However they forgot, harsh penalties were leveled, such as execution for stealing an egg.


 * The Communists Come to Power
 * MI: Communists relied on women and cadres working for the People's Liberation Army in order for their survival. New means for border disputes between Russia and China were beginning to resurface.
 * The communists’ long struggle for control had left the party with a strong political and military organization that was rooted in the party cadres and the Peoples’ Liberation Army.
 * The continuing importance of the army was indicated by the fact that most of China was administered by military officials for five years after the communists came to power.
 * The army remained clearly subordinate to the party.
 * Cadre advisors were attached to military contingents at the all levels and the central committees of the party were dominated by nonmilitary personnel.
 * Communists moved quickly to assert China’s traditional preeminence in east and much of Southeast Asia.
 * By the late 1950’s, the close collaboration between the Soviet Union and China that marked the early years of Mao’s rule had broken down.
 * Border disputes focusing on territories that Russians had seized during the period of the Qing decline.


 * Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice
 * MI: Many new leaders and old such as Mao Zedong were becoming stronger and stronger as the revolution bore on. Mao Zedong had begun to focus on more peasant led rebellions in hope that their strong stature and numbers would bring a higher victory rate to China. Mao also introduced the Mass Line approach during this time period.
 * On the domestic front, the new leaders of China moved with equal vigor though with a good deal, their was less success.
 * Their first priority was to complete the social revolution in the rural areas that had been carried through to some extent in communist controlled areas.
 * Between 190 and 192; the landlord class and the large landholders most of whom had been spared in the earlier stages of the revolution were disposed and purged.
 * Village tribunals, overseen by party cadre members, gave tenants and laborers a chance to get even for the decades of oppression.
 * As many as 3 million people were denounced as members of the exploitive landlord class were executed.
 * Land was taken from the landowning class and was distributed to peasants who had none or little.
 * One of the central plefges of the communist revolution was finally fulfilled; China became a land of peasant small holders.
 * With the introduction of the first Stanlinist stlye five-year plan in 1953, the communist leaders turned away from the peasantry, which had brought them to power, to the urban workers as a hope for a new China.
 * However, the shift in direction had consequences that were increasingly unacceptable to Mao and his more radical supporters in the party.
 * State planning and centralization were stressed, party bureaucrats greatly increased their power and influence, and an urbanbased priivlege class of technocrats began to develop.
 * Mao Zedong had nurtured a deep hostility toward elitism, which he assosciated with the discredited Confucian system. He had little use for Lenin's version pf revolution from abofe.
 * Mao distrusted intellectuals, disliked specialization, and clung to his faith in the peasants rather than the workers as the repository of basic virtue and the driving force of the revolution.
 * Mao and his supporters pushed the Mass Line approach, beginning with the formation of agricultural cooperatives in 1955.
 * Peasants had enjoyed their own holdings for less than three years.
 * In 1957, Mao struck at the intellectuals through what may have been a miscalculation or perhaps a clever ruse.
 * He announced that he wanted to "let a hundred flowers bloom," Mao encouraged professors, artists, and other intellectuals to speak out on the course of development under communist rule.


 * The Great Leap Backward
 * MI: During the beginning of the period, China was making great strides towards recovery, however due to many student and peasant led riots and rebellions disaster was once again striking the Chinese populations.
 * With political opposition within the party and army, in check or in prison, Mao and his supporters launched the Great Leap Forward in 1958
 * The programs of the Great Leap were a further effort to revitalize the flagging revolution by restoring uts mass, rural base.
 * Rather than huge plants located in the cities, industrialization would be pushed through small-scale projects integrated into the peasant communes.
 * Instead of the communes' surplus being siphoned off to build steel mills, industrial development would be aimed at producing tractors, cememnt for irrigation products, and other manufacturers needed by the peasantry.
 * Mao preached the benefits of backwardness and the joys of mass involvement, and he looked forward to the withering away of the meddling bureaucracy.
 * Emphasis was now placed on self-relience within the peasant communes.
 * All aspects of the lives of their members were regulated and regimented by the commune leaders and the heads of the local labor brigades.
 * The worst famine ever now began to spread in China.
 * China's birth rates were a good deal lower than many emerging nations.
 * However, China was adding people to a massive population base.
 * By the time the communists rose to power, China had a population of approimately 550 million people.
 * By 1965, this had risen to approimately 750 million
 * Overcrowding of people led to environmental damages.
 * There was something that had to be done to curb the birth rates.
 * Beginning in the 1960's the government launched a nationwide family planning campaign designed to limit urban couples to two children and those in rural areas only one.
 * By the early 1970's these targets had been revised to two children for either urban or rural couples.
 * By the 1980's however, just one child per family was allowed. Although there was some evidence of official excesses; undue pressure for women to have abortions in hope that these programs would significantly lower the birth rate.
 * Mao eventaully lost his position as state chairman.
 * The pragmatists including Mao's old ally Zhou Enlai along with Liu Shaoqui and Deng Xiaoping came to power determined to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level.


 * "Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens"
 * MI: It would prove to be to much for one man to handle. (Speaking of Mao Zedong) Eventually his wife got involved with the politics which opened up new doors for the women of China in dealing with nationalism.
 * In Mao's struggles to renew the revolutionary fervor of Chinese people, his wife Jiang Qing played an increasingly prominent role.
 * Mao' relience on her was consistent with the commitment to the liberation of Chinese women he had acted upon throughout his political career.
 * As a young man, he had been deeply moved by a newspaper story about a young girl who had committed suicide rather than be forced by her family to submit to the marriage that they had arranged for her with a rich but very old man.
 * Women's issues and women's support for the communist movement became important parts of Mao's strategies.
 * The attempts by the Nationalists in the late 1920's and 1930s to reverse many of the gains made by women in the early revolution brought many women into the communist camp,
 * Led by Chiang's wife Madam Chinang Ka-Shek, the Nationalists counteroffensive tried to return Chinese women back to the home and hearth.
 * Madam Chiang claimed and pushed for a Good Mother's Day and declared that for women, "virtue was more important than learning".
 * She taught that it was immoral for a wife to criticize her husband.
 * The Nationalist campaign to restore Chinese women to their traditional domestic roles and dependence on men contrated sharply with the communists etensive employments of women to advance the revolutionary cause.
 * Women served as teachers, nurses, spies, truck drivers, and laborers on projects ranging from growing food to building machine-gun bunkers.
 * Many won distinction for their bravery under fire.
 * Their contributions to the victory of the revolutionary cause bore out Mao's early dictum that the energies and talents of women had to be harnessed to the national cause because "women held up half of the heavens"
 * Many women held cadre posts at the middle and lower levels of the party and bureaucracy, the upper echelons of both were overwhelmingly controlled by men.


 * Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four
 * MI: After the break-up (by death) of the Gang of Four China was overall weakened despite the many efforts of Mao Zedong.
 * Having lost his position as head of state but still thhe most powerful and popular leader in the Communist party.
 * Mao worked throughout the early 1960's to establish grassroots support for yet another renewal of the revolutionary struggle.
 * He opposed efforts made by Deng Xiapong and his pragmatist allies. to scale back the communes, promote peasant production on what were in effect private plots, and push economic growth over political orthodoxy.
 * By late 1965, Mao was convinced that his support among the students, peasants, and military was strong enough to launch what would turn out to be the last campaign, the Cultural Revolution,
 * With mass student demonstrations paving the way, he launched an all out assault on the "capitalist roaders" in the party.
 * Wavinf "little red boojs" of Mao's pronouncements on all manner of issues, the infamous Red Guard student brigades publicaly ridiculed and abused Mao's political rivals.
 * In cities such as Shanghia, workers seized control of the factories and the local bureaucracy.
 * As Mao had hoped, the centralized state and technocratic elites that had grown steadily since the first revolution won power in 1949,
 * Mao's old Rivals began to surface again.
 * Deng's growing role in policy formation from 1973 onward also represented a major setback for Jiang QIng, who led the notorious Gang of Four that increasingly contested power on behalf of the aging Mao.
 * The death in early 1976 of Zhou Enlai who was second to Mao in stature as a revolutionary hero and who had consistently backed the pragmatists appeared to be a major blow to those whom the Gang of Four ahd maked out as "capitalist roaders" and betrayers of the revolution.
 * Mao's death cleared the way for an open clash between the fival factions.
 * The Gang of Four plotted to seixe control of the government, the pragmatists acted as an alliance with some of the more influential military leadrs,
 * The Gang of Four were eventually arrested and the plans of their supporter were easy to foil.
 * Since the death of Mao the pragmatists had been ascendent and leaders such as Deng Xiapong opened to China's western influences.
 * Under Deng and his allies, the farming communes were discontinued and private peasant production for the market was encouraged.
 * Private enterprise had also been promoted in the industrial sector, and experiments have been made with such capitalist institutions as a stock exchange and foreign hotel chains.
 * It had become fashionable to dismiss the developpment schemes of the communist state as misguided failures, the achievements of the communist regime in China had been impressive.


 * To receive full credit for your notes you must include the following terms/people in your notes. You must also include Main Ideas**


 * May Fourth Movement, Li DaZhao, Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-Shek, Long March, People’s Republic of China, Mass Line approach, Great Leap Forward, Jiang Qing, Cultural Revolution, Gang of Four.**
 * May Fourth Movement**

Major resistance to Japanese encroachments in China beginning in 1919. Created movements of intellectuals which were aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy Rejected Confucianism
 * Li DaZhao**

One of the most influential Marxist thinkers and intellectual of China. Teacher who headed a Marxist study circle Marxist philosophy
 * Mao Zedong**

Joined Li DaZhao’s study circle and later became his successor Marxism ideologies Hostile leader
 * Chiang Kai-Shek**

First real military leader of the Whampoa Military Academy in 1924
 * Long March**

Communist escape from Human province during the civil war with Guomindang in 1934 Center of Communist power Established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist power of China
 * People's Republic of China**

Communist government of mainland China Proclaimed in 1949 Followed ideology of Mao Zedong and Kai-Shek Mass Line approach Economic policy of Mao Zedong
 * Mass Line approach**
 * Great Leap Forward**

Economic policy of Mao Zedong which was introduced in 1958 Proposed an industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communes Led to economic disasters Ended in 1960
 * Jian Qing**
 * head of the Gang of Four**
 * Eventually arrested and sentenced to death**
 * Cultural Revoltuion**

Movement which was initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance Used mobs to ridicule Mao’s political rivals Campaign was called off in 1968
 * Gang of Four**

Jiang Qing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of Communist government in China Arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong’s death

6. Read add take __brief__ notes on //Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849 – Answer the questions at the end of the document (5 points)


 * Li Peng believed that the current situation in the capital was quite grim; the anarchic state was going from bad to worse; law and discipline had been undermined.
 * Before May, the situation began to decrease as the result of many peoples great efforts.
 * Traffic jams were taking place everywhere,
 * Party and government leaders organs had been affected; public security was deteriorating.
 * Strikes at Tananmen Square had not been stopped.
 * Health of people was deteriorating
 * Situation at Beijing was still developing and had already affected many other cities in the country.
 * Number of demonstrators and protestors increased.
 * Some trains that were running on major railway lines had been intercepted, causing communications to stop.
 * China's party and government pointed out time and time again that the vast numbers of young students are kindhearted that subjectively they do not want turmoil and that they have fervent patriotic spirit wishing to push towards reform.
 * Willfully using various forms of demonstrations, boycotts of class, and hunger strikes to make petitions have damaged social stability and will not be beneficial to solving the problems.


 * 1) Why does Li Peng object to the protest movement?
 * 2) Li Peng objected to the protest movement, because he thought that it was causing greater struggles and tensions between the people and classes of China. For example, when the people (students) were performing strikes against hunger, those strikes actually caused worse health issues and disruption in the classes.
 * 3) How does he try to persuade ordinary Chinese that the protest should cease?\
 * 4) He tries to persuade ordinary Chinese people that the protest should cease, because the movements were doing more damage to the Chinese traditions than the good that they were trying to put across.
 * 5) What arguements resemble those many governments use against protest?
 * 6) The arguements that resemble many governments that were used against protests...
 * 7) What arguements refelect more distinctively Chinese traditions or communist values?
 * 8) Arguements that reflect Chinese tradidtions are..
 * 9) Why did the Chinese decide to repress political democracy?
 * 10) The Chinese decided to repress political democracy, because they wanted to restore China's rules and regualtions to those of the Chinese motherland.

7. Complete a leadership analysis on Mao Zedong (5 points)

Name: Mao Zedong Life Span: Title: Military Leader (Warlord) Country/Region: China Years in Power: Political, Social, and Economic Conditions Prior to Rule Social disputes Political unrest. Civil war Mass demonstrations Student riots Hunger strikes Ideology Goals, Significant Actions/ Events During Power Leader of the Communist party. (later to become the Socialist party) Hostile leader Successor to Li DaZhao Called for a peasant based revolution

Short Term Leader of the Communist Party Long Term Marxism ideologies

8. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)**
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present
 * Thesis 1: Since 1914, the Chinese political system had experienced many changes, however some of the political ideas of leaders, have continued.
 * Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the
 * Thesis 2: China used to be one of the most powerful nations of the world, however since 1914 Chinese society has changed in many different ways mainly involving politics, economy, and the social status of the people.

Model Thesis learned from structure in class

Between 1914 and the present, China experienced several changes in their political systems. The most signifiicant changes being the victory of the communists over the nationalists in ruling China and the establishment of the People's Republic of China. However, there were few continuities such as