Russia


 * 1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**
 * Numerous factors accounted for the successive surges of revolution in the 20th century.
 * Rural discontent was crucial for peasants were now spurred pressures of population growth along with a combination of resentment against big landowners
 * Modern state forms tended to increase taxes on the peasantry.
 * Rise of military movements was led by underlying disruptions caused by the spread of the Industrial Revolution and the Western-centered global market system.
 * Handicraft producers were thrown out of work by an increasing influx of machine-manufactured goods and peasants frequently caused riots and at times became caught up in revolutionary currents.
 * Urban laborers were enraged by the appalling working and living conditions that were characteristics of industrialization such as Russia and China.
 * Global economic slumps were major causes to fire the revolutions.
 * Returning soldiers and neglected veterans provided a shock for leftist troops. Defeated state witnessed the rapid erosion of power to suppress internal enemies and floundered as their armies refused to defend them or joined movements dedicated to their overthrow.
 * Economic competition and military rivalries of industrial powers drew them into unwanted wars that they could not sustain without raw materials and manpower drawn from their colonies and other neutral states.
 * Communist theorists such as Marx, Lenin, Mao Zedong, and Ho Chi Minh who sought power to overthrow existing regimes that they viewd as exploitive and oppressive.
 * Visions of the good life in peasant communes and workers' utopias were a powerful driving force for revolutionary forces throughout the century from China to Mexico.
 * Mexico, China, and Russian sought to reduce Western economic control and cultural influence, seeking alternative models.
 * 1) **What internal and external forces weakened the governments of Mexico and China in the opening decades of the 20th century and unleashed to forces of revolution.?**
 * 2) Internal forces that weakened the governments of Mexico and China were the forces of the peasantries and urban laborers. In many cases, the effects of industrialization made it so that the peasants were forced to work and live through harsh labor and horrid living conditions. The main cause of the tension and rioting was due to spread of industrialization where more machines were being used than actual human labor. This was leaving many people without jobs causing many different strkies and riots all over the country. The major external force that weakened Mexico's government was that of the moneylenders.
 * 3) **What key social groups were behind the revolution in Mexico, China, and Russia, why were they so important in each case?**
 * 4) One key social group behind the revolution, were the peasants. (Mentioned in detail full detail in previous question) The other being soldiers. Many returing soldiers and neglected veterans provided shock troops for leftist revolutionaries. Defeater states witnessed the rapid decrease of their power to suppress internal enemies and began to struggle as their armies refused to defend them or joined movements that were dedicated to overthrow their own countires.
 * 5) **What similarities and differences can you identify among these three early revolutions in the 20th century?**
 * 6) During the 20th century Russia, China, and Mexico were undergoing times of revolutions and reforms that were similar in some ways but also different in others. For example, both acquired harsh an violent struggles, riots, and strikes against their political governments.
 * 2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**

>> MI: By 1945, the Soviet Union was beginning to become a new world power that was going to eventually become a force to be reckoned with. They were early to advance in developments of bombs, eventually learning how to create and atomic bomb and hydrogen bombs as they were gaining a strong alliance with Vietnam. >>
 * **Revolution in Russia p681-685**
 * Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism
 * In March 1917, strikes and food riots broke out in Russia's capital St. Petersburg.
 * Oubursts were spurred by wartime misery, including painful food shortages.
 * Peasants protested the conditions of early industrialization set against incomplete rural reform and an unresponsive poltical system.
 * They quickly assumed revolutionary proportions. Rioters were not only calling out for more food and work, but also for a new polical system as well.
 * A council of workers, called the Soviet took over the city government and arrested the tsar's ministers.
 * Unable to rely on their own soldiers the tsar abbicated, thus ending the long period of imperial rule.
 * Revolutionary leaders such as Alexander Kernsky were eager to see genuine parlaimentary rule, religious and other freedoms and a host of parliamentary and legal changes.
 * Liberalism was not deeply rooted in Russia because the middle class was so small.
 * Russia's revoltuions took place in much more adverse circumstances given the pressures of participation in the First World War.
 * Initial liberal leaders were eager to maintain the war effort, which linked them with democratic France and Britain
 * The nation however was desperately war weary and prolongation drastically worsened economic conditions, while public morale decreased.
 * Liberal leaders also held back from massive land reforms which were expected by the peasantry, for in a good middle-class fashion, they respected existing property arrangements and did not wish to rush into social change before a legitimate new political structure could be established.
 * Serious popular unrest continued.
 * In November, a second revolution took place, which expelled liberal leadership and soon brought to power the radical Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic Party, soon renamed the Communist Party and Lenin, their dynamic chief.
 * The revolution was a godsend for Lenin.
 * Once the liberals were toppled Lenin and the Bolsheviks faced several immediate problems; One being the war, they handled by signing a humiliating peace treaty with Germany and giving up huge sections of western Russia in return for an end of hostilities.
 * The treaty was soon nullified by Germany’s defeat at the hands of the Western allies, but Russia was ignored at the Versailles peace conference- treated as a pariah by the fearful Western powers.
 * Much former territory was converted into new nation-states.
 * A revived Poland was built heavily on land Russia and had controlled for more than a century and new small Baltic states cut into earlier inquisitions.
 * Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained a majority role in the leading urban soviets, they were not the most popular revolutionary party and in this situation constituted the second problem faced at the end of 1917.
 * The November seizure of power had led to the creation of the Council of People’s Commissars drawn from soviets across the nation and headed by Lenin to govern the state.
 * Lenin shut down parliament replacing it with a Bolshevik dominated Congress of the Soviets.
 * He pressed the Social Revolutionaries to disband,
 * Russia’s revolution produced a backlash that revolutionaries in other eras would have recognized quite easily: foreign hostility and more importantly domestic resistance.
 * The internal civil war was a more serious matter as it raged from 1918 to 1921.
 * Tsarist generals, religiously faithful peasants, and many minority nationalities made common cause against the communist regime.
 * Their efforts were aided by a continuing economic distress.
 * Lenin had quickly decreed a redistribution of land to the peasantry and also launched a nationalization or state takeover of a basic industry.
 * Many already landed peasants resented the loss of property and incentive and in reaction they lowered food production and the goods sent to the market.
 * Industrial nationalization somewhat disrupted manufacturing.
 * Famine and unemployment created more economic hardship than the war had generated.
 * Even workers from the cities revolted which threatened the new regime’s most obvious social base and also, its ideological mainstay.
 * Stabilization if Russia’s Communist Regime
 * MI:
 * Order was finally restored after the revolution on several key foundations.
 * First, the construction of the powerful new army, under the leadership of Leon Trotsky recruited able generals and masses of loyal conscripts.
 * The Red Army was an early beneficiary of two ongoing sources of strength for communist Russia: a willingness to use people, a humble background but great ability who could rise to great heights under the new order.
 * Economic disarray was reduced in 1921 when Lenin issued hi New Economic Policy which promised considerable freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners.
 * The state continued to set basic economic policies but its efforts were now combined with individual initiative.
 * Under the temporary policy, food production began to recover and the regime gained time to prepare the more durables structures of the communist system.
 * By 1923 the Bolshevik revolution was accomplished.
 * There was a new capital, Moscow
 * A new constitution was set up along with a new federal system of socialist republics.
 * This system was recognized by the multinational character of the nation which became known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
 * The apparatus of the central state was a mixture of appearance and reality.
 * The Supreme Soviet had many of the trappings of a parliament and was elected by universal suffrage.
 * Competition in elections was normally prohibited which meant that the Communist party easily controlled the body, which served to ratify decisions taken by the party’s central executive.
 * Parallel systems if central bureaucracy further confirmed the Communists’ monopoly on power and the ability to control major decisions from the center.
 * The Soviet political system was changed over time.
 * The Communists’ quickly reestablished an authoritarian system making it more efficient than its tsarist predecessor had been complete with updated versions of political police to ensure loyalty.
 * Soviet Experimentation
 * MI:
 * The mid-1920’s constituted a lively experimental period in Soviet history, partly because of the jockeying for power at the top of the power pyramid.
 * Despite the absence of Western-style political competition.
 * The Communist party was not eager to recruit too many members, however it did nit want to lose its tight organization elite status which encouraged all sorts of subsidiary organizations.
 * Youth movements women’s groups, and particularly organizations of workers all actively debated problems in their social environment and directions for future planning.
 * Workers were able to influence management practices; women’s leaders helped carve legal equality and new educational and work opportunities fir their constituents,
 * Spread of education.
 * Literacy gained ground.
 * The new educational system was bent on reshaping popular culture away from older peasant traditions and religion along with beliefs in the Communist political analysis and science.
 * The Soviet regime grappled with other issues during the 1920’s
 * Rivalries among leaders were common.
 * Lenin became ill and died in 1924 which created an unexpected leadership gap.
 * A new leader named Stalin came into power.
 * Joseph Stalin emerged as the undisputed leader of the Soviet state.
 * Stalin accelerated industrial development while attacking peasant land ownership with a new collectiization program.
 * The Russian revolution was one of the most successful human uprisings in all of history.
 * **Stalinism in the Soviet Union p698-703**
 * **Stalinism in the Soviet Union**
 * The Soviets were greatly affected from the depression linked to the seperate economies. However, the 1930's saw a tightening of the communist system under Stalin in ways that echoed the authoritarian responses in other societies.
 * Stalin devoted himself to double task: to make the Soviet Union a fully industrail society and to do so under full control of the state rather than through private initiative and individual ownership of producing property.
 * He reversed the experimental mood of the 1920's including tolerance for small private businesses and wealthy peasant farmers.
 * He wanted a modernization, but with a revolutionary noncapitalist twist. He was willing to borrow Western techniques and advice, importing a small number of engineers, for example he insisted on Soviet Control and largely Soviet endeavor.
 * Economic Policies
 * A massive program of collectative agriculture began in 1928
 * **Eastern Europe after WWII p750-759**
 * The Soviet Union as a Superpower
 * By 1945 Soviet foreign policy had several ingredients; the major desire to regain tsarist boundaries joined with a traditional interest in expansion and in playing an active role in European diplomacy.
 * Soviet participation in the late phases of the war against Japan provided an opportunity to seize some islands in the North Pacific.
 * Soviet Union established a protectorate over the communist regime of North Korea to meet that of the U.S. protectorate in South Korea.
 * In the 1970’s the Soviet Union gained a new ally in communist Vietnam which provided naval bases for the Soviet fleet.
 * Its growing military and economic strength gave the postwar Soviet Union new leverage in the Middle East, Africa, and even parts of Latin America: alliance with the new communist regime in Cuba.
 * The Soviet Union’s superpower status was confirmed by its development of the atomic bomb and then hydrogen bombs from 1949 onward and by its deployment of missiles and naval forces to match the rapid expansion of U.S. arsenals allowing the Soviet Union to become a world power.
 * The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe
 * After becoming a superpower, the Soviet Union developed a increasing worldwide influence with trade and cultural missions on all inhabited continents and military alliances with several Asian, African, and Latin American nations**.**
 * Here, the Soviets made it plain that they intended to stay in eastern Europe while pushing the Soviet influence farther to the west than ever before.
 * Soviet insistence on this large empire helped to launch the cold war, as the Soviet Union displayed its willingness to confront the West rather than relax its grip
 * Smaller nations of eastern Europe, new or revived after World War I, had gone through a troubled period between the world wars.
 * By 1945, the dominant force in Eastern Europe was the Soviet army, as it pushed the Germans back and remade the map.
 * The newly sponsored Soviet regimes attacked possible rivals for power including the Roman Catholic church.
 * Mass education and propaganda outlets were quickly developed.
 * Collectivism of agriculture ended the large estate system, without creating a property-owning peasantry.
 * Industrialization was pushed through successive five-year plans, some with limitations due to Soviet insistence on access to key natural resources.
 * After the formation of NATO in western Europe, the relevant eastern European nations were enfolded in a common defense alliance, the Warsaw Pact, and a common economic planning organization.
 * Soviet troops were still be stationed in most European states, both the confront the Western alliance and to ensure the continuation of the new regimes and their loyalty to a common cause.
 * Soviets built the Berlin wall in 1961 to stem the flow of the new Soviet System. All along the new borders of eastern Europe, a barbed-wire fences and armed patrols kept the people in.
 * In 1956, a relaxation of Stalinism within the Soviet Union created new hopes that controls might be loosened. More liberal communist leaders arose in Hungary to Poland and Hungary, with massive popular backing, seeking to create states that would permit greater diversity and more freedom from Soviet domination.
 * In Poland, the Soviets accepted a new leader more popular with the Polish people. Poland was allowed to halt agricultural collectivization, establishing a widespread peasant ownership in its place, and the Catholic church, now the symbol if Polish independence, gained greater tolerance.
 * Soviet control over eastern Europe had loosened; the heavy-handed repression cost considerable prestige.
 * Several countries began to outstrip the prosperity of the Soviet Union as a whole. Eastern European governments were allowed a freer hand in economic policy and were allowed limited room to experiment with greater cultural freedom.
 * The limit of experimentation in eastern Europe were brought home again in 1968, when more liberal regime came to power in Czechoslovakia.
 * The soviet army once again responded expelling the reformers and setting up a particularly rigid leader.
 * A challenge now came from Poland once more in the late 1970’s in the form of widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement called Solidarity, all against the backdrop of a stagnant economy and low morale. Response here, was slightly more muted, key agitators were arrested; the Polish army took over the state, under careful Soviet supervision.
 * By the 1980’s eastern Europe had been reformed by several decades of communist rule.
 * Catholic Poland differed from hard-line neo-Stalinist Bulgaria pr Romania. A communist-imposed social revolution gad brought considerable economic change and real social upheaval.
 * The expansion of Soviet influence answered important Soviet foreign policy goals, both new and traditional.
 * **Evolution of Domestic Policies**
 * The Stalinist system had remained within the Soviet Union had remained intact during the initial postwar years.
 * The war encored nationalism as well as appeals for communist loyalties as millions of Russians responded heroically to the new foreign threat.
 * Many Soviets were fearful of a new war and agreed that strong government authority remained necessary.
 * This newfound attitude helped to sustain the difficult rebuilding efforts after the war which proceeded rapidly enough for the Soviet Union to regain its prewar industrial capacity.
 * Stalin’s political structure continued to emphasize central controls and the omnipresent party bureaucracy leavened by the adulation accorded to Stalin and by the aging leaders endemic suspiciousness endemic suspiciousness.
 * Recruitment from the ranks of peasant and worker families continued into the 1940’s as educational opportunities such as secondary school and university facilities which allowed talented young people to rise from below.
 * Party membership, the ticket to bureaucratic promotion was deliberately kept low, at about 6% of the population to ensure selection of the most dedicated elements.
 * New candidates for the party, mostly from the more broadly based communist youth organizations, had to be nominated by at least three party members. Party members vowed unswerving loyalty and group consciousness.
 * Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions
 * MI:
 * The Soviet government was an impressive new product, not just a renewal of tsarist autocracy. It carried on a much wider array of functions than the tsars had ventured not only in fostering industrialization, but also in reaching out in direct loyalties of individual citizens.
 * The government and the party also maintained an active cultural agenda, and although this had been foreshadowed bu the church and and state links of tsarist days.
 * The regime declared war on the Orthodox church and other religions soon after 1917, seeking to shape a secular population that would maintain a marxist scientific orthodoxy; vestigal church activities remained but under a tight government regulation.
 * Artistic and literary styles as well as purely political writings were carefully monitered to ensire adherence to the party line. The educational system was no only to train and recruit technicians and bureaucrats but also to create a loyal, right thinking citizenry. Mass ceremonies such as May Day parades, stimulated devotion to the state and to communism.
 * The new regime however, did not attempt to abolish the Orthodox church outright, it greatly limited the church's outreach. The church was barred from giving religious instruction to anyone under 18, and state schools vigorously preached the doctrine that relgion was a mere superstition.
 * The Soviet regime also limited freedom of religion for the Jewish minority, often holding up Jews as enemies of the state.
 * Larger Muslim minority was given greater latitude on condition of careful loyalty to the regime.
 * The traditional relgioius orientation of Soviet society declined in favor of a scientific outlook and Marxist explanations of history in terms of class conflict., Church attendance dwindled under government repression; by the 1950's only the elderly seemed particularly interested.
 * Soviet system also continued to attack modern Western stlyes of art and literature but maintained some earlier forms of Western styles which were appopriated as Russian.
 * Literature in the Soviet Union remained diverse and creative despite official controls sponsored by the communist-dominated Writers' Union. Leading authors wrote movingly of the travails of World War II, maintaining the earlier tradition of sympathy with the people, great patriotism and concern for the Russian soul.
 * Even authors who were critical of aspects of the Soviet regome which maintained distinctive Russian values.
 * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was exiled to the United States after the publication of his trilogy on Siberian prison camps.
 * Along with interest in the arts and a genuine diversity of expressions despite official party lines, Soviet culture continued to place great emphasis on science and social science.
 * Scientists enjoyed great prestige and wielded a condierable amount of poiwer.
 * Social science work produced important analyses of current trends and of history.
 * At times, scientists felt the heavy hand of disapproval from the people of the Soviet Union. Biologists and physchiatrists were urged to reject Western theories that called human rationality and social progress into country.
 * Considerable ambivalence about the West remained as Soviets continued to utilize many art forms they developed in common with the West. such as ballet through non-Marxist political tracts but also through modern art forms remained as Soviet leaders sought culture that would enhance their goals of building a socialist society seperate from the capitalist West.
 * Economy and Society.
 * MI:
 * The Soviet Union became a fully industrial society between the 1920's and the 1950's. They experienced rapid growth of manufacturing and the rise of the urban population to where more than 50% of the toral population were measures of this development.
 * Eastern European modernization had a number of distinctive features; State control of virtually all economic sectors was one key element; no other industrialized society gave so little leeway to private initiatives.
 * The Soviet need to amass capital for development in a traditionally poor society helped explain the inattention to consumer goods; so did the need to create in a society that remained poorer overall, a massive armanents industry to rival that of the United States.
 * Soviet industrialization also caused an unusual degree of environmental damages. The drive to produce at all costs created bleak zones around facotries where waste was dumped and in agricultural and mining areas.


 * **Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s p841-847**
 * MI
 * In 1985, one of the youngest officials of Russia, Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader.
 * He renewed some of the earlier attacks on Stalinist regidity and replaced some of the old-line party-bureaucrats.
 * He conveyed a new, more Western style, dressing in fashionable clothes, holding relativelt open press conferences, and allowing the Soviet media to engage in active debate and report in problems as well as successes.
 * He urged a reduction in nuclear armament.
 * In 1987 negotiated a new agreement with the United States that limited medium range missiles in Europe.
 * Ended the war in Afghanistan and brought Soviet troops home.
 * Gorbachev proclaimed a policy of glasnost (openness) which implied new freedom to comment and criticize.
 * Pressed for a reduction in bureaucratic inefficiency and unproductive labor in the Soviet economy encouraging more decentralized decision making and the use of some market incentives to stimulate a greater output.


 * Strong limits on political freedom persisted.


 * Unclear whether Gorbachev could cut through the centralized planning apparatus that controlled main lines of the Soviet economy.
 * A new uncertainty about how well the new leader could balance reform and stability arose.
 * Gorbachev reduced Soviet isolation.
 * Continued to criticize aspects of Western political and social structures.
 * Western management techniques and management were idea which Gorbachev hoped to someday use.
 * Western analysis’s wondered whether or not the Soviet economy could improve worker motivation without embracing a Western-style consumerism or whether computers could be more widely introduced without allowing freedom for informational exchange.
 * He also sought to open the Soviet Union to fuller participation in the world economy, recognizing that isolation in a separate empire had restricted access to new technology and limited motivation to change.
 * His initial policies did not stir the Soviet economy.
 * Had political effects.
 * The keynote of the reform program was perestroika or economic restructuring which Gorbachev translated into more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture.
 * Foreign investment was encouraged.
 * Farmers, could now lease land for 50 years with rights and inheritance.
 * Pressed for reductions in Soviet military commitments through agreements with the United States on troop reductions and limitations on military weaponry.
 * Politically, he encouraged a new constitution in 1988 giving a considerable amount of power to a new parliament, the Congress of People’s


 * Deputies and abolishing the Communist monopoly on elections.


 * Important opposition groups developed on both the inside and the outside of the party.


 * He was elected to a new powerful presidency of the Soviet Union in 1990.
 * Reform continued along with economic stagnation provoking agitation among minority nationalities in the Soviet Union from 1988 onwards.
 * Gorbachev noted that Soviet efforts to establish equality between the sexes had burdened women with a combination of work and household duties.
 * His solution was to allow women to “return to their purely womanly missions” of housework, childbearing, and “the creation of a good family atmosphere.”


 * Dismantling the Soviet Empire
 * MI:
 * Bulgaria moved for economic liberalization in 1987 but was held back by the Soviets; pressure resumed in 1988
 * A new constitution and free elections were planned
 * Communist party renamed themselves Socialists
 * Mass demonstrations played a key role in several political upheavals.
 * Communist party retained a considerable amount, though under a new leadership which was swept out by force.
 * New divergences in the nature and extent of reform in eastern Europe were exacerbated by clashes among nationalities as in the Soviet Union.
 * Prospects for the future now became unpredictable.
 * All European states suffered from sluggish production, massive pollution, and economic problems that may have led to more political discontent.


 * Massive change in Soviet policy was clear.


 * Renewed Turmoil in the 1990’s
 * MI:
 * Uncertainties of the situation within the Soviet Union were confirmed in the summer of 1991.
 * Gorbachev’s presidency and democratic decentralization were both threatened.
 * Massive popular demonstrations asserted the strong democratic current that had developed in the Soviet Union since 1986.
 * Gorbachev’s authority had significantly declined.
 * Russian Republic became stronger.
 * Russia’s Boris Yeltsin proclaimed the end of the Soviet Union.
 * Yeltsin proclaimed that a commonwealth of the leading republics including the economically crucial Ukraine instead of the Soviet Union.
 * Gorbachev fell from power.
 * Leadership role was taken over by Yeltsin.
 * Russian leaders hesitated to convert to a full market system.
 * By the late 1990’s the leadership of Boris Yeltsin had deteriorated as the economy was performing badly.
 * A new president Vladimir Putin was named in 1999 vowing to clean up the corruption after the civil war.


 * To receive full credit for your notes you must include the following terms/people in your notes. You must also include Main Ideas**


 * //Kerensky, Lenin, Bolsheviks, Stalin, Collectivization, Soviets, Five-year plans, Socialist Realism, Khrushchev, Gorbachev, Glasnost, Perestroika, Yeltsin, Putin//**


 * //Alexander Kerensky://**

(1881-1970) Liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution in 1917. He sought development of Russia’s parliamentary rule and religious freedom. //Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov)://


 * //Bosheviks://**

The majority party of revolutionary Russia.

Known as the most radical branch of the Marxist movement led by Vladimir Lenin.

Minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme until its triumphs after 1917.


 * //Joseph Stalin://**

Successor to Lenin in Russia

Head of U.S.S.R. Strong nationalist view of communism Represented the anti-West Fostered agricultural collectivization. Led U.S.S.R. though World War II

Created the Five Year Plans


 * //Collectivism://**

Creation of large state-run farms rather than individual holdings Allowed more efficient control over peasants. Lowered food production.
 * //Sovietss://**
 * //Five-Year plans://**

Created by Joseph Stalin to increase industrialization of the U.S.S.R. Constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power Led to a massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products.
 * //Socialist Realism://**

Attempt of the U.S.S.R. to relate formal culture to masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European culture. Began under Stalin
 * //Nikita Khrushchev://**

Stalin’s successor of the U.S.S.R. from 1953 to 1964 Attacked Stalinism in 1956 for a concentration on power. Failure to develop a program of antagonism which led to the downfall of Stalinists.
 * //Mikhail Gorbachev://**

US.S.R. premier after 1985 Renewed attacks on Stalinism Urged a reduction of nuclear armaments Proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika
 * //Glasnost://**

The policy of openness or political liberation in the Soviet Union which were put forward by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980’s
 * //Perestroika://**

A major policy of Mikhail Gorbachev which called for economic restructuring in the U.S.S.R. in the 1980’s More leeway for a private ownership Decentralized the economy in industry and agriculture
 * //BorisYeltsin://**

Russian leader who stood up to the coup attempt in 1991 which would have displaced Gorbachev President of the Russian republic after Gorbachev
 * //Vladimir Putin://**


 * 3. Complete a leadership analysis of //__either__// Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin or Nikita Khrushchev (5 points)**
 * Name: Joseph Stalin**
 * Life Span**
 * Title: Leader of the U.S.S.R.**
 * Country/Region: Russia**
 * Years in Power:**

Political, Social, and Economic Conditions Prior to Rule Social disruption Political unrest Conflict between nationalists and communists New Economic Policy Founding of the Red Army Start of the Russian Revolution Ideology Goals, Significant Actions/ Events during Power Founded the U.S.S.R. in Moscow. Created the “Supreme Soviet”

Short Term Formation of the U.S.S.R

Long Term Stalinism was formed which caused many disputes between the Nationalist and Communist parties,

Thesis 1: From 1914 to the present, Russia’s political structure experienced many different changes and continuities, many which were based in the common ideology of warfare, while dealing with the shifts from communism to a more democracy and capitalist belief.

Russian ideology on the West generally remained the same about Western ideologies. Traces of communism Didnt want to increase much more communism. Communism then liberalism

Combined group Thesis: Between 1914 and today

Thesis 2: From 1914 to the present, Russian Society experienced many changes in areas such as their leadership, economy, and overall social changes. For example the Soviet Union changed from a centralized government to a more lackadazicle decentralized government with the production of the economy.