Early+Latin+America

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 * ESPIRIT Chart **

Civilization/Nation/Group___Spanish Colonies in America__

Time Period1450-1750

** Goods to increase rapidly, which helped to stabilize their economy. Many Indians were forced to work in the mines or in the processing plants where the goods were produced. **
 * E || ** MI: The basics of the economic system of the early Spanish colonies were based on the success of the Encomiendas. Due to the Indian labor, productions of goods were increasing at a more rapid rate, which allowed the economy of the Spanish to grow stronger. **
 * ** Encomiendas: Grants of American Indian Laborers, which provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance. **
 * ** Ports, such as Havana, San Juan, and Santo Domingo guarded Spain’s commercial but on the whole the Caribbean became the colonial backwater. **
 * ** Before Columbus’s voyage the Spaniards established Iberian cities in the Caribbean. However, they had to adapt them to American realities. They had to deal with hurricanes and the natives resistance which then caused many towns to be moved or abandoned. **
 * ** Haciendas which were rural estates primarily produced for consumers in America. These became the basis of wealth and power for the local aristocracy. **
 * ** Much of the wealth of the Spanish colonies was used to pay for the European wars. **
 * ** The seemingly endless supply of silver stimulated bankers to continue to lend money to Spain because the prospect of the silver fleet was always enough to offset the falling credit of the Spanish rulers and sometimes bankrupt government. ** ||
 * S || ** MI: The society of the early Spanish colonies in America was populated with many Indians, whom had their land taken away from them by the Spanish conquistadors. The Indians were then forced to work for the Spanish despite the decrease in their population due to such things as diseases brought by the Spanish, warfare, and deaths from labor. **
 * ** Heavily urban society, with many peasants living in small towns and villages. **
 * ** When settling in America, they were surrounded by the native populations. Many commoners from Spain came to America to conquer, by seeking to recreate themselves as the nobility with the native people as their serfs. **
 * ** The Iberian Peninsula had maintained a tradition of holding slaves. The whole slave extension was based off of tradition. **
 * ** Encomiendas: Grants of American Indian Laborers, which provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance. **
 * ** The holder of an encomienda, an ecomendero was able to use the people as workers or tax them. **
 * ** Gold hunting, slaving, and European diseases rapidly affected the population on the islands and within two decades little was left there to hold Spanish attention. **
 * ** By 1510 a great number of populations in the Spanish colonies of America were women. African slaves were also, imported to work on the few sugar plantations that operated on the islands. **
 * ** These additions to the population represented a shift from an area of conquest to that of settlement. **
 * ** Conquerors were a great population in Spain. **
 * ** They were not trained professionals or trained soldiers. They represented all walks of Spanish life. **
 * ** Some women were also included in Spanish conquests, such as Ines Suarez who was a heroine of the conquest of Chile. **
 * ** Indian labor was crucial for Spain’s rule. **
 * ** Native Americans proved to be selective in their adaptation of European foods, technology, and culture. **
 * ** Was an agrarian society in which 80% of the population lived and worked on the land. ** ||
 * P || ** MI: The political system of the early Spanish colonies in America was known as a strong bureaucratic system which relied on the king of Spain, even though the King did not travel with the conquerors. There were different positions of the nobility such as the Viceroys who were people working directly from the king, but resided in America. **
 * ** Strongly depended on a bureaucracy, which was usually made up of men who were trained as lawyers and judges. **
 * ** Their system was compared to the systems of China and other great empires. **
 * ** Religion and churches also played a great role in their Political system relying on a close link between church and state. **
 * ** Created administrative institutions: the governorship, the treasury office, and the royal court of appeals which were staffed with professional magistrates. **
 * ** Spanish legalism was introduced. **
 * ** The crown received one-fifth of all treasure. **
 * ** Men signed up on shares basis: Those who brought horses or who had special skills might get double shares. **
 * ** Rewards were made according to the contract and premiums were paid for special service and valor. **
 * ** There was a tendency for leaders to reward their friends, relatives, and men from their home provinces who were more liberally than others. There were always some conquistadors who were unhappy due to this system. Many new expeditions were organized due to this. **
 * ** In the 1540’s the crown limited the inheritability of encomiendas and prohibited the right to demand certain kinds of labor from the Indians. However, they still existed in some marginal regions. **
 * ** The colonial government increasingly extracted labor and taxes from native people. **
 * ** Communities were required to send groups of laborers to work on state projects such as church construction or road building or in labor gangs for mining or agriculture. **
 * ** Indians were paid a wage for this work there were many abuses of the system by the local officials and community labors were often disruptive and destructive of Indian life. **
 * ** By the 17th century many Indians had left their villages to avoid the labor and tax obligations, preferring instead to work for Spanish landowners or to seek employment on the cities. **
 * ** Led to the growth of an Indian labor system in which the Indians no longer resided in their villages but were now working for Spanish owned mines and farms or in the cities. **
 * ** According to Spanish law, all subsoil rights belonged to the crown, but the mines and the processing plants were individually owned. ** ||
 * I || ** MI: During this period, the early colonies of Spain were generally based on interactions between the Indians and the Spanish conquistadors. Many deaths, warfare, and diseases were passed from the Spanish to the Natives. After the conquering of an empire the defeated people were forced to work in the villages, towns, and cities, for the Spanish. **
 * ** Ferdinand of Aragon and his wife Isabella of Castile founded the first colony for Spain in the central peninsula during the 15th century. **
 * ** Sought out unification which was geared towards eliminating other religious and ethnic diversities in their kingdom. **
 * ** Isabella ordered the Jews of her realm to convert or leave the country. **
 * ** Over 200,000 people left, which severely crippled the Castilian economy. **
 * ** The Caribbean experience, served Spain as a model for its actions in the Americas. **
 * ** Bartholeme de Las Casas (1484-1566) was a conquistador who turned priest and initiated the struggle for justice for others. **
 * ** After Columbus’s original voyage in 1492, a return voyage was issued, which then established the colony of Santo Dominigo, otherwise known as Hispaniola. **
 * ** From here, Spain created new expeditions to Puerto Rico in 1508 and Cuba in 1511. **
 * ** 1519 Hernan Cortes an educated led an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico. **
 * ** He picked battles with the Aztecs and after countless victories; he was able to enlist the defeated people to turn against their overlords. **
 * ** He and his troop eventually made it to the Aztec’s capital in Tenochtitlan. **
 * ** He captured and killed their ruler Moctezuma II. **
 * ** However, his fleet was forced to retreat from the Aztec capital and retreat towards the coast. **
 * ** Tenochtitlan was eventually replaced by Mexico City. **
 * ** In 1535 most of Central Mexico had been brought under Spanish control. **
 * ** 1n 1532 Francisco Pizzaro led his men to conquer the Incan empire, which had already been weakened due to a civil war. **
 * ** He used only 200 men, but were still able to capture their empire. **
 * ** The Incan capital fell in 1533 but the Spaniards decided to take over Lima, because it would be more beneficial for them. **
 * ** Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in 1542 began to search for the mystical cities of gold. **
 * ** Pedro de Valdivia conquered the people of what was central Chile. **
 * ** By 1570 there were 192 Spanish cities and towns throughout the Americas, one-third of which were in Mexico and Central America. **
 * ** Various American people responded in different ways to the arrival of the conquistadors. However, no matter what they did they all found a decline in their overall populations. **
 * ** In central Mexico, war, destruction, and above all disease brought the population from an estimated 25 million in 1519 to less than 2 million in 1580. **
 * ** The conquistadors brought with them deadly diseases such as smallpox, the influenza, and the measles which affected the populations drastically. The American Indians didn’t know any immunities to the diseases at this time. **
 * ** The treaty of Tordesillas (1494) between Castile and Portugal clarified the spheres of influence and the right possession of the two kingdoms by drawing hypothetical north-south line around the globe and reserving to Portugal the newly discovered lands. **
 * ** The Spanish Empire became a strong bureaucratic sysem which was built on a juridical core and staffed to large extent by letrados. **
 * ** Letrados- University trained lawyers from Spain. **
 * ** There were many laws during this period and could be considered contradicting a lot. Finally the Recopliacion (1681) codified the laws into the basis for government in the colonies. **
 * ** The king ruled through the Council of the Indies, which issued the laws and advised him. **
 * ** Spain then created two Viceroyalities. **
 * ** Viceroyalty- high ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the king who wielded broad military, legislative, and they had legal and judicial powers. ** ||
 * R || ** MI: The religion of the people of the early Spanish colonies was Christianity. However since the Spanish settled on American natives soil they tried to convert many of the Indians. Missionary churches were the beginning to their religious systems; however they eventually evolved into parishes and bishoprics. **
 * ** Church was represented by individual priests at first, but then became controlled by missionaries which the Dominicans participated in. **
 * ** By 1530 a cathedral was being built on Hispaniola and a university soon followed. **
 * ** The clergy formed under another branch of the state apparatus, just with different functions and goals. **
 * ** Catholic religious orders such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Jesuits carried out the widespread conversion of the Indians establishing churches in the towns and villages of Indians. They also set up missions in frontier areas where the nomadic people were forced to settle. **
 * ** Diego de Landa, the Bishop of Yuactan (1547) admired a lot about the Mayan culture. However, he detested their religion. He took it upon himself to burn all of their books and tortured many Maya who were suspected of backsliding from Christianity. **
 * ** The recording and analysis of Indian cultures was primarily focused on then being able to convert them. **
 * ** In areas, such as Peru and New Spain the missionary church was replaced by an institutional structure of parishes and bishoprics. **
 * ** Archbishops sat in the major capitals and a complicated church hierarchy developed. **
 * ** The Spanish crown was in charge of appointing people. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz was a nun who was also a poet, author, musician, and social thinker who was welcomed at the court of the viceroy in Mexico City, **
 * ** She eventually gave up secular concerns and her library at the urging of her superiors to concentrate on purely spiritual matters. ** ||
 * I || ** MI: During this period, the Spanish colonies were built off of the Roman models of town planning ideas and where the major buildings were located were based off of models of the Romans. **
 * ** Cites were laid out according to a grid plan, with the town hall, major church, and governor’s palace in the central plaza. **
 * ** The Spanish applied Roman models and rational town planning ideas to the new and current situation. **
 * ** Spanish discovery of Huancavelia, a mountain of mercury in Peru greatly helped the mining industry to take off. ** ||
 * T || ** MI: Technology of the early Spanish colonies in the America allowed the production of **


 * ** The production of precious metals first began to fit Latin America into the developing world economy. **
 * ** Mining was common. Many Native Americans worked for wages in these mines. **
 * ** Gold was found in the Caribbean, Columbia, and Chile but silver was far more valuable than gold at the time. (Found in mines) **
 * ** In Ecuador, New Spain, and Peru sheep raising led to the development of small textile sweatshops where common cloth was produced, usually by the women. **
 * ** Galleons, which were ships that were used to carry the silver that belonged to the crown. ** ||

Thesis Statement:

Compare the social system the emerged in the Spanish colonies with the system that existed in Spain.

During the 1600's a new social system the emerged in the early Spanish colonies was the emergence of the encomiends. The econmiends was based on slave labor, which helped expansion, population growth, and an increase in wealth. The hierarchy systems were controversial to each other because in Spain you had to be born into the system, but in the early Spanish colonies that was not neccessarily to.

Spanish Colonization Impact on America Summary:

The Spanish colonies impacted America during the 1500's - 1600's in many different ways. The Spanish colonies of the Americas were generally run by slave labor. After the conquests of the many conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes, Francisco Pizzaro, etc... almost all of the Native populations were being used as slave labor. The system of encomiendas emerged in the mid 15th century, which were grants of American Indian labor who were to serve under people known as the encomendero, also known as the holder. These Indians were forced to work in the mines, in the fields, and were the basis of the Spanish colonies economic system. Also, shipments of African slaves were transported to the Americas and were used to support and work the sugar plantations. The Spanish colonies also, differed from the original social hierarchy of Spain. In Spain you had to be born into the nobility. It was considered hereditery" However, in the colonies, that was not the case.

Brazil Notes: Explain the effects of the discovery of Gold and Diamonds in Brazil. In Brazil, gold and diamonds were the main cause the the decrease of plantations. However, slave labor was still used, but all of the slaves got transferred to the other producing plants. Also, it led to other technological advancements in order to help speed up the founding of the Gold rush. (ana: what do you mean with the "other producing plants"? What technology was used?)
 * Pedro Alvares Cabral: leader of an expedition to India, and stopped brifly on the Brazilian shore.
 * Portugese crown paid little attention to Brazil for 30 years by preferring to grant licenses to merchants who agreed to exploit the dyewood.
 * Minor Portugese nobles were given strips of land along the coast to colonize and develop.
 * The nobles who held these capitaincies combines broad seemingfully feudal powers with a strong desire for commercial development.However, most of them lacked the capital that was needed to carry out the colonization and encountered problems with the indigenous population.
 * In 1549, the Portugese king sent a governor general and other officials to create a royal capital at Salvador.
 * A string of settlements extended along tje coast, centered on port cities such as Salvador and Rio Janeiro. They served roughly 150 sugar plantations which the number doubled by 1630. The plantations were worked by African slaves.
 * By 1600 the populationd of Brazil had increased ti about 100,000 inhabitants, made up of 30,000 Europeans, 15,00 Black slaves and the rest were made up of Native American populations of mixed origins.
 * Brazil held its position as the world's leading sugra producer during most of the next century.
 * Sugar cane had to be processed in the fields, because it was cut and pressed and needed to be processed in large mills. The juicee was then heated to create a crystalized sugar.
 * Since sugar processing took so many hours and needed a lot of labor, about 7000 slaves a year were imported for mAfrica. By the end of the century, Brazil had about 150,000 slaves and took up about half of Brazil's total population.
 * Portugal tried to create a bureaucratic structure that integrated this colony within an imperial system.
 * A governor generally ruled from salvador, but the governors in each capitaincy often acted independatly and reported directly overseas to a council in Lisbon.
 * Africans who alongside the poorere whites, freed black, and free indians seved as artisans, small farmers, herders, and free laborers.
 * Missionary orders were generally important in Brazil, especially by the Jesuits. Their extensive cattle ranches and sugar mills supported the construction of churches and schools, as well as the network of missions with thousands of native american residents.
 * Royals trained in law enforcement formed the core of the bureaucracy.
 * Brazil's ties to Portugal were in some ways stronger than those between Spanish America and Spain.
 * Brazil had no major universities, nor printing preses. Therefore the intellectual life was always an extension of Portugal and Brazilians seeking higher education and government offices or hoping to publish their works always had to turn to the mother country.
 * Paulistass: hardy backswoodsmen from Sao Paulo had been exploring the interior, capturing Indians. amd searching for precious materials. These exeditions not only established Portugese claims to much of the interior of the continent but eventually were successful in their quest for wealth.
 * In 1695, gold strikes were made in the mountainous interior region that came to be called Minas Gerais and the Brazilian colony experienced a new boom. Due to this a new gold rush began.
 * People deserted coastal towns and plantations to head for the gold washings and they were soon joined by waves of about 5000 immigrants a uear who came directly from Portugal,
 * Slaves provided labor in the mines, as in the plantations. By 1775, there were over 150,000 slaves in Mina Gerais.
 * Wild mining camps and wide-open societies eventually coalesced into a network of towns such as the administrative center of Ouro Preto. The government who was anxious to control the newfound wealth imposed a heavy hand to collect taxes and rein in the unruly population.
 * Gold production reached its height between 1735 and 1760 and averaged about 3 tons a year in the period, making Brazil the greatest source of gold in the Western world.
 * Rio de Janeiro was the port closest to the mines whoch grew in size and importance.
 * Gold allowed Portugal to continue economic policies that were determental in the long run. With access to gold, Portugal could buy the manufactured goods it needed for itself and its colonies, as few industires were developed in the mother country. Much of Brazilian gold flowed from Portugal to England for a trade inbalance.
 * After 1760, as the supply of gold began to dwindle. Portugal was again in a difficult position it had become in some ways and economuc dependency of England.
 * The sociedad de castas was based on racial origins, in which Europeans or whites were at the top, black slaves or Native Americans were at the bottom and the many kinds of mizes filled the intermediate categories.
 * The Bourban reforms in Spain and Spanish America were paralleled in the Portugese world during the administration of the Marquis of Pombal (1755 -1776) of Portugals authoritarian prime minister. Pombal made Brazil the centerpiece of his reforms.
 * Vigourous administrators were sent to the colony to enforce the changes. Fiscal reforms were aimed at eliminating contaband, gold smuggling, and tax evation. Monopoly companies were formed to stimulate agriculture in older plantation zones and were given the right to import large numers of slaves. New crops were the introduced.

The 18th Century Reforms:
 * Amigos del pais: In the Spanish colonies, small clubs, and associations were referred to as amigos de pais, or otherwise known as friends of the country who met in many cities to discuss and plan all kinds of reforms.
 * In Portugal,foreign influences and ideas created a group of progressive thinkers and bureaucrats open to new ideas in economy education, and philosophy.
 * Both the Spanish and Portugese reformed, however some of the long-term results led to both of their downfalls.

The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade: MI: By the end of the 18th century the power and control that Spain had over the Spanish colonies began to decrease. As the colonies were becoming stronger the need for the protection by Spain was becoming less useful. In both the colonies and Spain the central governments were weakening as the aristocrats tried to take fill control over their bureaucracy.
 * By the 18th century, it was beginning to be clear that Spain was beginning to lose their grip on the Indies of the Americas, which was a result caused by foreign wars, increasing debt, declining population, and internal revolts. Due to these downfalls Spain was threatened by the powerful empires of France, England and Holland.
 * The failure of the Spanish mercantile and politcal systems. The annual fleets became irregular, and silver payments from America declined, whereas most goods were now being shipped to the West Indies. Even the fleets of shipsthat carried the goods were not Spanish oriented.
 * The colonies did not involve Spain as much, They basically broke off their ties and became increasingly self-sufficient in their basic commoditties. As their central government became weaker the aristocrats, in the colonies excercised increasing control over the economic and government systems. They made conditions for the Native Americans and the lower class conditions worsen. Graft and corruption were rampant in many branches of the government which made the empire seem like it was crumbling.
 * The War of the Spanish succession (1702-1713) ensued by the Treaty of Utrect in 1713 was a recognition of the branch of the Bourban family as rulers of Spain. The price, was that some commercial concessions had to allow French merchants to operate in Seville and permitted England to trade slaves in Spanish America and to send one ship of silver per year to trade for silver in the Americas.

The Bourban Reforms: MI: The Bourban reforms plated a major role in increasing the productivity of the New Spanish colonies in America and Spain itself. However, there were some downfalls to the new systems. For example as the mining systems increased the productivity and sales of textile industries products were declining. Pombal and Brazil: MI: Due to Marquis of Pombal who was the parallel of Portugal to the Bourbans of Spain, the Portugese colonies in America underwent some major reforms. Reofrms, Reactions, and Revolts: MI:
 * The Bourban dynasty of Spain launched one of the most serious reforms of Spain therefore aimed at strengthening the state and its economy. Known as the time of "enlighted disposition"
 * The Spanish Bourban monarchs were moved by economic nationalism and a desire for a strong and powerful centralized government to institues economic, administratibe, and military reforms. One of the most famous monarchs for his advancements during this period was Charles III (ruled 1759-1788) One of his major goals was to revive Spain within the framework of its traditional society. By doing this they hoped to make their government more effective, more powerful, and better able to create a stable economy.
 * The Jesuit order came with a special allegiance to Rome, its rumored wealth, and its missions to the New World, which made it a target to control its power.
 * Jesuits were therefore expelled for Spain in 1767 as they had been from the Portugese in 1759.
 * Reforms were aimed towards creating more material improvements and a more powerful state.
 * French bureaucratic models were now being introduced, where as one of the means of taxation were being increased. The navy was reformed and the fleet systems were being abandoned. In 1778 new ports were opened in Spain and America for the West Indies trade. Although trade was still restricted to the Spaniards or to ships sailing under a Spanish license.
 * Bourbans inherited a new broad program of reform.
 * New Viceroyalties were created in New Granada (1739) and Rio de La Plata (1778) which provided better administration and defense to the growing populations of the region.
 * Jose de Galvez: spent 6 years in Mexico before returning to Spain to become a minister of the Indes and a chief architect of reform. His investigations revealed the worst abuses of graft and corruption which implicated the local magistrates and the Creole aristocracy. His main goal was to eliminate the Creole landowners from the upper bureaucracy of the Spanish colonies.
 * After 1780 the corregidores or local magistrates were removed from Indian villages and were replaced by a new system of intendants or provincial governors based on French models.
 * Intendancy system: Introduced throughout the Indies. Measures created during this time, improved tax collection and made the government more effective. However, not all of the reforms proved to be beneficial. Some disrupted the patterns of influence and power, especially among the Creole bureaucrats, miners, and landowners whose political powers were beginning to decline.
 * During the Seven Years War (1756-1763) the loss of Florida and the English seizure of Havana in 1762 made Spain take control and action.
 * Regular Spanish troops were sent to New Spain and milita units led by Creoles were created. Frontiers were therefore expanded.
 * In the Rio de La Plata foreign competitors were resisted by military means and Spain did whatever they could, to once again stregthen both itself and its Spanish American colonies.
 * During the Bourban reforms, the government played an active role in the economy.
 * The commerce of the Carribean greatly expanded under the more liberal trading regulations.
 * Cuba became another full scale plantation andslave colony exporting sugar, coffee, and tobacco and imported what the government considered essential to the growth and success of the colonies. Tobacco and gunpowder were among the two most used imports.
 * The colonies imported a large number of African slaves to work on the newly founded plantations. The commercial reforms were good in some ways but were worsened in others
 * As Spainsh and English goods became cheaper and more accessible, they undercut locally produced goods so that some regions that had specialized in producing cloth or other goods were unale to complete with European imported goods.
 * The major centers of the Spanish empire experienced rapid growth during the second half of the 18th century.
 * Mining expectors and experts had been sent to Peru and the New Spain. These people helped production to expand, where silver exports began to reach new heights.
 * The Bouban reforms of Spain were mirrored by the adminstration of the Marquis de Pombal in the Portugese world. (1755- 1776)
 * Marquis Pombal was Portugal's authorician prime minister. He hoped to use the same techniques to break Englands hold on the Portugese economy especially on the flow of gold from Brazil to England.
 * This became crucial, because what was once known as the "gold rush" was beginning to decline after 1760.
 * New exports, such as cotton and wild cacao were introduced to the export systems to join tobacco, sugar, and hides.
 * He brutally suppressed any group of institution that stood in the way of the royal power and his programs. He developed a particular dislike for the Jesuits because of their allegiance to Rome and their semi dependent control of large areas in Brazil. He therefore expelled the Jesuits from the Portugese empire in 1759.
 * Fiscal reforms were aimed at eliminating contraband gold smuggling, and tax evation.
 * Monopoly companies were given the right to import large numbers of slaces and were basically formed to stimulate agriculture in older plantation zones.
 * Pombal was willing to do some social tinkering as a way to reform. He abolshed slavery in Portugal to stope the import of slaves there and to ensure a steady supply to Brazil.
 * Immigrant couples from Portugal and the Azores were sent to colonize the American basin and the palins of Southern Brazil. When settled they begam to produce large quantities of wheat and cattle.
 * Like the Bourbans, Pombal hoped to revitalize the colonies as a way to strengthen the mother country. New policies were instituted however little change occured in the society.
 * The level of imports reached 20,000 a year in the late 18th century.
 * Reduced Portugal's trade inbalance with Englan, however trade suffered because of the demand for its products on the world marked remained low.
 * By the mid- 18th century the American colonies of Spain and Portugal were experiencing rapid growth in population and productive capacity.
 * By the end of the century the Spanish American colonies had a population of 13 million and Mexico had increased from 3.5 million to 6 million.
 * In Brazil, the population reached about 2 million.
 * Overall increase resulted from declining mortality rates, increasing fertility rates. immigration from Europe, and the thriving slave trade.
 * Europes newly increasing demand for American products assompanied the population growth.
 * Reformests policies and tighter tax collection, and the precense of a more activist government system in both Spanish America and Brazil also led to the population growth.
 * Urban riots, tax, revolts, and Indian uprisings were common and more serious than they were in the 1700's
 * Popular complaints against the governments control of tobacco and liquor consumption led to the Widespread Comunero Revolt in 1789.
 * A royal army was defeated the viceroy fled to Bogota and a rebel army almost took control of the capital.
 * In Peru an even more powerful and threatening revolt erupted.
 * Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui.