Atlantic+Revolutions

In a revolution, this stage would involve the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes. In some cases, these causes could fester for many years before showing themselves in the form of actual revolutionary action. || * Politics were dominated by a hereditary nobility. In a revolution, this stage would be the first to involve direct action resulting from the social, political, intellectual, or economic causes of the incubation stage. This stage might involve the publication of works calling for a change, street level riots by the common people, or more direct attempts at changing the society. || * The major causes of conflict, was when enlightenment thinkers began to question the stability and system of the French absolute monarchy system. They believed that heredity was not the rational way to be referred into the nobility. They believed that it would be much more rational as a way to take part in a vote and become a more democratic system. || In a revolution, this stage would be the make or break part of the struggle. It may involve conflict where sides for and against the revolution compete. This competition could take the form of debate or full-scale war. Successful revolutions survive this stage. Those that do not are usually considered failed rebellions. || * In 1787, the French monarchy was in so much financial debt due to the Seven Years' War and the American Revolution. King Louie had failed to levy attempts to tax the noblility which only made matters worse for the poor. Prices on bread were then raised which led to bread riots and major conflicts such as the fiscal crisis. The poor not only rioted against the rising bread prices but also for the hope that they could raise more of an anit-capitalisst society. || In a revolution, this stage would involve recovering from the extreme disruptions of the crisis stage. In general, the political, social, intellectual, or economic causes of the revolution must be addressed in some way, though not necessarily to the satisfaction of all revolutionaries. || * The Constitution of 1792 guaranteed civil liberties like freedoms of speech, religion, and assembly and equality before the law. Most importantly it ended the legal privilege of the nobility and the clergy. The National Assembly also granted unprecedented legal rights to women, abolished slavery, and instituted price controls. After 1814 under Louis XVII France began to not be based off of an absolute monarchy, but he would rule under the Constitutional Convention which placed limits on the monarchs authority and provided for a degree of representative government in the Chamber of Deputees. ||
 * Fever Stage: French Revolution || How this stage applies to the revolution you chose ||
 * **__ The Incubation Stage __**
 * Main economy was tied to the growing Atlantic economy through its colonial empire which was dominated by a capitalist bouregoisie otherwise known as the middle class.
 * Both the nobility and the bourgeoisie benefited from ties to the monarchy.
 * Nobility maintained its social prestige through its role at the royal court, and the wealthy bouregoisie enriched itself by having royal protection in the mercantilist economic system.
 * Part of the French peasantry still owed feudal obligations to the nobility, that is, laes and practices left over from the medievil era.
 * French manufacturing took place in workshops rather than in large factories. The urban, artisan labors who worked the shopes were known collectively as sans-culottos. ||
 * **__ The Symptomatic Stage __**
 * **__ The Crisis Stage __**
 * **__ Convalescence __**

I think that this model can represent the crisis in Egypt right now, because all four of the stages have occured. Before the real crisis broke out, there was a lot of conflict erupting due to the conflict between their ruler and the people as a society. As time went on real life size conflicts began to erupt and chaos broke out in the streets until finally the ruler Gahdazi stepped down. However major changes are still occuring even during his absence.

French Revolution Questions 1-6

Bourgeoisie: the social class order dominated by the middle class.

1. What groups of people populated France before the revolution? The two major groups of people living in France before the revolution were the bourgeoisie (middle class) and the nobility. France also had an absolute monarchy. The nobility, which was hereditary, dominated pre-Revolutionary politics, while their Atlantic trade economy grew due to the capitalist bourgeoisie. The bourgeoisie were generally made up of skilled artisans and merchants. Both the bourgeoisie and the nobility received benefits from the monarchy before the revolution.

2. What crises provoked the revolution in France? One crisis that provoked the French revolution, was the debate whether or not the nobility should remain hereditary, or if France should participate in a more diplomatic state. Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed that heredity was an irrational way to choose political leaders. They suggested a better system, which allowed each individual to freely exercise reason through the equality of a vote and that God did not reserve the talent only to the nobility. Financial debt from sponsoring the Seven Years’ War and the American revolution proved to be to much for the French monarchy to handle. By not being able to levy taxes on the nobility they were forced to come up with the fiscal crisis which coincided with a spike in the price of bread.

3. How did different groups of people on France understand Enlightenment ideas? Due to the fiscal crisis and the spike in the price of bread, bread riots began to occur especially among the sans-culottes (artisans). It was not only hunger that led to these riots, there was also an anti-capitalist cry for government regulation of the market for security especially among the poor. While the poor greatly suffered, the nobility were taking part in the “Estates General” (along with the rest of the society) having brought with them only few grievances.

4. How was the French monarchy of 1814 different from the pre-revolutionary monarchy? The French monarchy was finally rebuilt by 1814, under Louis XVIII. Even though he would still rule to be absolute, he would rule under the Constitutional Convention which placed limits on the monarchies authority. This also provided a degree of representative government in the Chamber of Deputies, elected by a small, wealthy percentage of French society. Before the revolution France still practiced an absolute monarchy, who would then have full control and power over the whole society.

5. In what ways did the French revolution produce freedom? What were the limits of this freedom? The French revolution produced the freedom for the people in a sense that they could display freedom of speech, religion and assembly. Also, the nobility era was not as powerful as it once had been before the revolution.

6. In what ways did the French revolution produce equality? What were the limits of this equality? The French revolution produced equality, by ending the strict rule of the clergy and nobility over the rest of the society. Also after the Constitutional Convention the power of the monarchy was also decreased. Legal rights for the women of France were also given.

Haitian Revolution Questions:

1. What groups of people lived in Haiti before the revolution? Nearly 90% of Santo Domingo’s (Haiti’s) population was made up of African slaves who were brought to Haiti from the African slave trade. People of European ancestry and of “mixed heritage” were defined in the law as “white” or gens de couleur, who were both groups who owned slaves. By 1778 the entire population of the native population had died out as a result of the Spanish conquest, harsh labor policies, and the introduction of infectious diseases. The white population consisted of a planter elite group known as the grands blancs and a larger class of petits blancs who were men and women who participated in the economy as artisans or merchants.

2. How did the long-term and immediate causes of the Haitian revolution differ? Slaves made up a vast majority of Haiti’s total population. They were oppressed on a daily basis in the most naked ways and thoroughly deprived economically in a system that produced great wealth. One of the largest causes of the war was political unrest between the social classes of the white population. The white people sought to represent the colonies for themselves. They also, opposed to white oppression.

3. How did different groups of people in Haiti understand the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality? The whites understood equality as way to find some sort of representation in politics, and for new economic equalities. They wanted equal rights among themselves and did not seek out racial or social equality as the slaves had.

4. What did the Haitian revolution accomplish, and what problems did the new country face following independence? The Haitian Revolution accomplished Haiti finally being freed from French rule in 1804. After the receiving of their freedom, they also managed to abolish slavery within their society. However the abolition of slavery in Haiti caused economic dysfunctions in the sense that slave owning societies placed embargo on Haiti and they dealt with the unwillingness of past slaves to continue working on the plantations.

5. In what ways did the Haitian revolution produce freedom? What were the limits of this freedom? The Haitian revolution created freedom through the abolition of slavery. The major limits of the newly gained freedom was that slavery was abolished and Haiti had finally gained their full independence from France.

6. In what ways did the Haitian revolution produce equality? What were the limits of this equality? Equality was accomplished by the end of the Haitian revolution in the sense of the abolition of slavery. The major limits of equality were; slavery being abolished and the white people were not forced leave the land.

American Revolution Questions:


 * What different groups of people lived in the British colonies before the revolution?**

1.Before the American revolution, there were two major groups of the British colonies, the north and the south. Since the south was based on a more agriculturally based most of the general population was made up of slaves and their plantation owners. The largest group of the population of the south were the slaves. The north however, were more industrious than the south, and required less slaves even though slaves were still used. Slaves in the north were not heavy laborers as they were in the south, many of them were indentured servants and free artisan laborers. Also after the French and Indian war, the king of Britain sent over a group of 10,000 soldiers over to the colonies as a way to keep the peace.

2. How did mercantilism and social/political inequalities provoke resentment in the colonies? The Pre-Revolutionary colonies of America began to feel a sense of resentment to the European mercantilist system because of the laws that the Europeans passed as a way to protect their own economic system. These laws affected the colonies economic system by restricting economic activity among the wealthy and more specifically, the poor.

3. How did different groups in the colonies understand Enlightenment idea? Different groups interpreted the Enlightenment idea in a few different ways. The call between equality and liberty had appealed differently to each of the groups. The merchant and planter elite class, would mean freedom from the restrictions of the British economic and mercantilist systems. Equality among all of the groups, differentiated meaning that their was no real equality among races or classes.

4. What type of government did the American revolution produce? The American revolution produced a government that was based on a more democratic and national system.

5. In what way did the American revolution produce freedom? What were the limits of this freedom? The American colonies newly found freedom had benefited the elite more than the lower classes, such as slaves. The elite were able to escape the economic and mercantilist systems, while the slaves still had not earned their freedom from their owners.

6. In what ways did the American revolution produce equality? What were the limits of this equality? The equality after the break from the British government system was that the colonies went from being a shifting balance of power, to a steady and sturdy national government. However, since slaves weren’t even freed from their owners yet, there was no way that they would receive the same equal treatment as the elites and the other classes. 1. What groups of people lived in Venezuela before the Revolution? Before the Venezuelan revolution there were a few different groups of people living there. The planter elites, otherwise known as hacendados, dominated the economic achievements in Venezuela. The two main items for trade were coffee and cocoa. Among the elite, were peninsulares, those who were born in Spain. The third group of people living in pre-revolutionary Venezuela were the criollos (creoles). The hacendados also had a great measure of political influence given to them by Spain. The larges part of the population were the criollos who were really less off than hacendados, who worked primarily in urban positions such as artisans, soldiers, and small-to-middling traders. Also, living in Venezuela were the mestizos who were a combination of Native American and European ancestry. African slaves also made up a percentage of 20% of the total population who were brought to Venezuela to work to help the economic system.
 * Venezuelan Revolution Questions:**
 * Venezuelan Revolution Questions:**

2. What were the first reforms of Bolivar and Miranda? In 1810, the town council of Caracas deposed how the Spanish colonial governor was ruling. They then established a “junta” also known as a group dictatorship. Simon Bolivar, a wealthy criollo, influenced by the European writers of the Enlightenment who traveled to Europe himself as a way to gain followers and rally support for the revolution. Even though he was unsuccessful, he did bring back with him Francisco de Miranda, an important Venezuela dissident who had been exiled to England. Upon their return, the junta passed the most radical legislation the revolution would see. Restrictions on trade were lifted as a way to please the hacendado elite. Also, the abolition of taxes on food, of Indian tribute payments to the government, and of slavery itself helped to satisfy the other various Venezuelan groups.

3. How did the different groups of people in Venezuela understand the Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality? Different groups of people in Venezuela were commonly influenced by the words of Simon Bolivar and Francisco de Miranda. They had began and stressed heavily the importance of political and economic equality. Upon their return to Venezuela the junta passed the most radical legislation of the revolution, where restrictions on trade were lifted. This ultimately pleased the hacendado elite. The abolition of taxes on food, of Indian tribute payments to the government, and slavery itself were pushed for.

4. What did the Venezuelan revolution accomplish? The Venezuelan revolution accomplished the full independence from Spain in 1819 and the full freedom from Spain’s mercantilist system. White privilege also remained in order where criollos reserved a greater measure of political and economic status than the mestizos. They were also, now able to trade on the open world market, especially with cocoa and coffee.

5. In what ways did the Venezuelan revolution produce freedom? What were the limits of this freedom? One of the most import accomplishments provided by the freedom from the Venezuelan revolution was the ability to trade cocoa and coffee on the open world market due to the end of Spain’s hold on their economic system.

6. In what ways did the Venezuelan revolution produce equality? What were the limits of this equality? The equality of the social groups only existed among the ruling groups, with their still being limits between the power of the criollos which was overall higher than that of the mestizos.