The+Rise+of+Russia

List Similarities and differences between Russian Expansion and earlier European expansion.

D= Difference S= Similarity

D: Russia = state empowerment (reaction to nomadic incursions) Europe = spread religion -> commercial

S: Expansion driven by new ideas and technology

D: Russia- land based Europe - sea based

D: Russia: Just wanted to make Russian bigger Europe: Actually wanted to take over other lands.

S: Sponsorship of female leaders. Russia: Catherine the Great Europe : Isabella of Spain

D: Demographic Impact Russian diseases didnt kill everyone who they came in contact with on their conquests European conquistadors diseases killed many of the people whom they were conquering.

S: Russia: Cossacks (sponsored by state) Europe: Conquistadors (permission from state, but funded independently

Leadership Analysis: Peter and Catherine the Great

Leader Analysis Sheet

Russia ||< Years in Power 1689-1725 ||
 * < Name of Leader: Peter I the Great ||
 * < Lifespan 1672- 1725 ||< Title: Tsar ||
 * < Country/region:
 * < Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power:
 * The Russian empire finally gained their independence from the Mongols, their economic and political systems were dramatically weakened. Their whole economic system was now based on agriculture and peasant labor, which made Russian become known as a very weak state.
 * Almost all of Russia's culture seemed to disappear.
 * Leaders, such as the Romanov's continued expansion before Peter the Great's term as ruler.
 * The Russian expansion system was based on pushing the Mongols even further away from their empire. ||
 * < Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * He played a crucial role in the revival of Russian culture.
 * Because of him, Russian became known as the "third Rome"
 * Focused on building a strong monarchy and military system for protection.
 * Focused on building up metallurgical and mining industries, using Russia's extensive iron holdings to feed stae-run munitions and shipbuilding factories. ||
 * < Significant Actions & events During Term of Power:
 * Led the first Westernization effort in history.
 * Encouraged westernization focusing only on particular aspects of Western Society, which left out a great number or Russia's tota population.
 * Extended his predecessors' policies of building up tsarist control and expanding Russian territory.
 * He added a more definite interest in changing selected apspects of Russian economy and culture, by basing them off of Western forms.
 * Introduction to an absolute monarchy.
 * New training institutes were esablished for aspiring bureaucrats and officers in order to bring talented nonobles into the system. ||
 * < Short-Term effects:
 * Peasants began to revolt against the new expenses and their landlords.
 * French was widely spoken
 * Ballet was encouraged. ||< Long-Term Effects:
 * Russia was now being able to considered a growing and more poweful nation.
 * A New and more powerful military system was established. ||

Leader Analysis Sheet

Russia || Years in Power 1762- 1796 || * Lanlords could now, requistian peasant labor, levy taxes in money and goods and even impose punishments for crimes because landlord dominated courts administrated local justice.
 * Name of Leader: Catherine the Great ||
 * Lifespan 1729- 1796 || Title: The Great ||
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Peter the Great's death in 1724
 * Russia was suffering from several decades of weak rule and rulers. This was dominated by power plays among many army officers who giuded the selection of many inefective emperors and empresses.
 * Westernization from Peter the Great's reign was beginning to decline.
 * Church officials were eager to gain more freedom. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Converted to the orthodoxy faith.
 * Installed as the empress in 1762
 * A selective westernizer as Peter the Great was.
 * She "flirted" with the ideas of the French enlightenment where she ended up getting several French philosophers to visit to provide visits that would patronize the arts and sciences.
 * Persued Russian expansion systems. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power:
 * Pugachev Rebellion: a peasant uprising led by Emelian Pugachev where Pugachev ended up being butchered by Catherine.
 * Summoned various reform committees in order to come up with new law codes.
 * Gave new powers to the nobility over their sefs
 * Nobles served a strong central government and staffed its bureaucrats and officers.
 * Lanlords could now, requistian peasant labor, levy taxes in money and goods and even impose punishments for crimes because landlord dominated courts administrated local justice.
 * Increased the harshness of punishment nobles could decree for their serfs. ||
 * Short-Term effects:


 * Increased the harshness of punishment nobles could decree for their serfs. || Long-Term Effects:
 * Provided a system of growth for Russia ||

Day 2:

Take notes (Main Ideas and Details) on themes in Russia at this time
 * Serfdom
 * Dependence
 * Social Unrest
 * Eastern Europe

Serfdom:

MI: During the 17th- 18th century the power of the nobility over their serfs increased. Harsher punishments could be afflicted under Catherine the Greats laws, and serfs were being treated more like slaves than the peasants that they were. By the early 1800's almost all of Russia's peasant population was under control by landlords and much of the others were forced into paying obligations to the state. Trade and Economic Dependence: MI: Between the peasant labor and landlord relationships, Russia's economic and social systems worked well, however, there were major complications on the way to somewhat of a success. Social Unrest: MI: Due to the unjust economic and social systems of early Russia towards peasants protests were being held against both landlords and the state as a whole. Rebelions lasted from the early 17th century onwards. Russia and Eastern Europe: MI: Major themes and some culture of early Russia was based off of those systems of early European civilizations. They based their ideas on those of the Greeks, Romans, Polish, Czech, and German.
 * Serdom gave the government a way to satisfy the nobility and regulate oeasants when the government itself alcked the bureaucratic means to extend direct controls over the common people.
 * Laws passed during the 17th and 18th centuries tied the serfs to the land and increased the legal rights of the landlords.
 * An Act in 1649 fixed the hereditery status of the serfs, so that people born to that station could not legally escape it. Once you were a serf you would remain a serf.
 * Very close to slavery. Serfs could be bought and sold, gambled away, and punished by their masters. Many people would enslave many of its own peoples which contrasted many other slavery systems of the time period.
 * Serfs on the estates were taxed and policed by their landlords.
 * In Russia, some whole villages would be sold as manufacturing labor.
 * Even though Peasants were not considered to be slaves they were treated like them. However, they were continuing to use village governments to regulate many aspects of their lives relying more on heavily community ties than their counterparts in the West.
 * Many peasants were illiterate and poor.
 * They paid high taxes and usually owed obligations to the state by working in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing plants.
 * Cities were small and 95% of the population chose to remain rural.
 * There was no major merchant class. Instead, the government growth had encouraged some nonoble bureaucrats and professionals participate in a somewhat "artisan" lifestyle.
 * .Small merchant classes however, did exist
 * The nobility was concerned about the potential social competition, so they prevented the emergence opf a substantial merchant class.
 * The system allowed s significant increase in Russia's population in the 18th century to 36 million. Despite the harsh climate, famines, epidemics, etc... this was a high number that would become an achievement,
 * However the system did have its glitches.
 * Most agricultural methods were highly traditional and the peasants had very little motivation to participate because the increased production was usually distributed between the state and the landlords.
 * Landlords debated agricultural improvements in their academies but when it actually came time to increase the production they would completely rely on the serf labor.
 * Russian peasants for the most part, remained true and loyal to the tsars, however they had no respect for their landlords. They accused the landlords of taking over land that was rightfully theirs.
 * Periodic rebellions saw peasants destroy manorial records, seize land, and sometimes kill landlords and their officials.
 * Pugachev a cossack chieftan who claimed to be the ultimate tsar promised an end to serfdom, taxation, and military conscription along with an end to land aristocracy.
 * They were finally defeated by Catherine the Great, who ened up butchering Pugachev for his rebellion.
 * Some peasants were barely able to work on their own plots of land and were sometimes tortured to work even harder,


 * Exchanged ideas with Greek merchants and picked up many enlightenment ideas.
 * Many early European nationalities list political autonomy during the early modern era.
 * Polish and Roman Catholic were the two greatest forces to influence the people and culture of Russia.