From+Hunter+Gathering+to+Civilization

From Hunter Gathering to Civilization

** ESPIRIT Chart ** You must include main ideas and details in each category
 * 1) Definition of Civilization
 * 2) ESPIRIT chart: Civilization
 * 3) ESPIRIT chart: Mesopotamian Society
 * 4) APPARTS chart: Hammurabi
 * 5) Terms Chapter 1
 * 6) Summary for Key Point in the Chapter

Civilization/Nation/GroupSumerion

Time Period___3500 B.C.E.___


 * E ||  The Sumerian civilization obtained their land by taking most of it over from civilizations of the Mesopotamian region. The Sumerians major forced labor system laid with whatever people the warriors could bring back from other civilizations in combat. These people were known as slaves and would have to do all of the kings bidding defined by his terms. However, slavery was a “variable state of existence” which meant that many slaves would be able to earn money and some were even able to buy their freedom. The Sumerians also flourished in agricultural products for trade due to their wheeled carts and learning about fertilizers by adopting silver as a way for buying and selling. (an early form of money was the trading system.)  ||
 * S ||  The King ruled over the Sumerians and was the highest caste in the system. The major way for the Sumerians to ensure supplies of slaves that were taken from combat so that the king would have people to control and maintain their land, was by using warfare. Massive towers called ziggurats __had formed the first monumental architecture in this civilization. This is where professional priests operated the ziggurats and performed their rituals within them. Since the Sumerians believed that the many powerful gods had control over everything that would happen to them__  ||
 * P ||  Sumerians political structures stressed their city-states, which were ruled by a king who claimed divine authority. This civilization had carefully defined boundaries, with their own government. The government helped to regulate their religion, and enforce the society’s duties. The Sumerians also, had their own form of a court system in the interest of justice. The King would always be the head of the military during the time of warfare, controlled the large and skilled armies.  ||
 * I ||  Warfare played a vital role in the Sumerian society. This was The Sumerians also would trade with neighboring civilization. The King would always be the head of the military during the time of warfare, controlled the large and skilled armies. The Sumerians also flourished in agricultural products for trade due to their wheeled carts and learning about fertilizers by adopting silver as a way for buying and selling.  ||
 * R ||  The Sumerians developed many complex religious rituals over their reign. For example, every city had a patron god to whom they erected gorgeous shrines to please and honor the gods. Massive towers called ziggurats __had formed the first monumental architecture in this civilization. This is where professional priests operated the ziggurats and performed their rituals within them. Since the Sumerians believed that the many powerful gods had control over everything that would happen to them. Because of this, many prayers and offerings. (i.e. to prevent floods and to protect good health. The Sumerians religion is an example of polytheism, because they believed in more than one god. Their religion later influenced the Old Testament and still plays a part in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religion.__  ||
 * I ||  The Sumerians developed a cuneiform alphabet, which was known to be the first case ever of human writing. Their alphabet first used different pictures to represent may different objects and would have geometric shapes to represent spoken sounds. Their alphabet was estimated to have had close to 2000 symbols, but was later reduced to around 300. Scribes, (people whose major skill was to write) wrote on clay tablets using styluses shaped like a present day ballpoint pen. They also founded the science of astronomy, which then led to improving their mathematical knowledge.  ||
 * T ||  Developed their own systems of the alphabet, numbers, and helped found astronomy, which helped out their mathematical knowledge. The Sumerians acquired their land by conquering different parts of Mesopotamia. The Sumerians eventually fell to a people known as Akkadians, who even after conquering them still maintained much of Sumerian culture.  ||

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 *  Neolithic Revolution ||  Te Neolithic revolution centered on agricultural development. People relied on wild grains, berries, and nuts more often and gave up the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. This occurred because 1.) Population increase because of improved climate, therefore people had reliable sources of food and 2 animals that could be used for food were starting to migrate away because they had no food for themselves.  ||
 *  Bronze Age ||   ||   ||  By 3000 B.C.E. metalworking became so common in the Middle East that most stone tool usage dissipated and the stone age was over. Metalworking became so useful to agricultural or herding societies, that over time, metal was replaced with iron, and woodwork was also evolving.  ||
 *  Catal Huyuk ||  A Neolithic village located in southern Turkey, which had been studied by archaeologists. It was founded in 7000 B.C.E. and covered about 32 acres. The houses were made of mud bricks set in timber frameworks, crowded together with a few windows. Some of these houses were decorated with many different hunting scenes. Some trade was conducted between the people of Catal Huyuk and different groups of hunting peoples who lived in the hills surrounding the village.  ||
 *  Civilization ||  Scholars define civilizations: “only as societies with enough economic surpluses to form divisions of labor and a social hierarchy involving specific inequalities.” Civilizations tended to have their own form of government, formal political systems, or states that were opposed to dependence on family or tribal ties. Most civilizations even developed their own styles of writing. (i.e. The cuneiform which was based on wedge-like characters developed in 3500 B.C.E.) Civilizations that had their own form of writing had an easier time to keep records and send messages to communicate.  ||
 *  Ziggurats ||  Massive towers that were built by the Sumerians where professional priests operated and performed there religious rituals. Since the Sumerians believed that the many powerful gods had control over everything that would happen to them. Because of this, many prayers and offerings. (i.e. to prevent floods and to protect good health. The Sumerians believed that if they pleased the god with all of these sacrifices and rituals, that the gods would protect them throughout their lives.  ||
 *  City States ||  City-States of the Sumerian civilization were ruled by a king who had absolute divine authority. Kings and nobles along with priesthood, controlled considerable amounts of land which was worked by slaves. This became known as the way that slavery began.  ||
 *  Sumerians ||  The Sumerian civilization obtained their land by taking most of it over from civilizations of the Mesopotamian region. The Sumerians major forced labor system laid with whatever people the warriors could bring back from other civilizations in combat. These people were known as slaves and would have to do all of the kings bidding defined by his terms. However, slavery was a “variable state of existence” which meant that many slaves would be able to earn money and some were even able to buy their freedom. The Sumerians also flourished in agricultural products for trade due to their wheeled carts and learning about fertilizers by adopting silver as a way for buying and selling. The Sumerians developed a cuneiform alphabet, which was known to be the first case ever of human writing. Their alphabet first used different pictures to represent may different objects and would have geometric shapes to represent spoken sounds. Their alphabet was estimated to have had close to 2000 symbols, but was later reduced to around 300. Scribes, (people whose major skill was to write) wrote on clay tablets using styluses shaped like a present day ballpoint pen. They also founded the science of astronomy, which then led to improving their mathematical knowledge.  ||
 *  Hammurabi ||  The King of Babylonia who introduced a set of laws that he called Hammurabi’s Law Code. This code established a set of rules and procedures for courts of law and regulated rules, property rights, and the duties of family members, which set harsh punishments for crimes. (i.e. (“If the slave of a [free] man strikes the cheek of a free man, they shall cut his ear off.”)  ||
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 117.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Huanghe || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 117.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> The yellow river in China where a civilization developed. The civilization praised godlike kinds early on, starting with Chinese P’An Ku. This River also, helped to develop some overland trading contact with India and the Middle East.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 117.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Indus River || <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-anchor-vertical: page; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 117.8pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;">  A river established in 2500 B.C.E. that supported several grand cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo Daro whose houses got the opportunity to have running water . Allowed houses near the river to have a source of running water.   ||

** Primary Source Analysis **

Document: Hammurabi’s Law Code __

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || Hammurabi’s code was created for the main purpose of being a law enforcement system. An example of one of the laws, is **“If a man has accused and has charged him with manslaughter and then has not proved [ it against] him, his accuser shall be put to death.** || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The audience for Hammurabi’s law code was the diverse population of Babylonia, to whom the laws applied to. The way that he presented these laws and his major reasoning to creating them is ||  ** “When Marduk commanded me to give justice to the people of the land and to let [them] have [good] governance, I set forth truth and justice throughout the land [and] prospered the people.” **  ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  King Hammurabi created this law code to unite Mesopoptamia under his rule 1800-1750 B.C.E.  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  Hammurabi’s law code was created in 1750 B.C.E. but was not discovered until 1901 C.E., when it was found on a stone slab in Iran.  ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **

What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  The purpose of these codes of law was to create some sort of common ties through law enforcement to all the people of the Babylonian society at the time. Hammurabi states this, ** “When Marduk commanded me to give justice to the people of the land and to let [them] have [good] governance, I set forth truth and justice throughout the land [and] prospered the people.” ** || Support with quotes ||  The main point that Hammurabi was trying to make is that by creating these laws, the Babylonian society would have a fair justice system in a civil and obedient way. “If a man has put out the eye of a free man, they shall put out his eye.” Hammurabi believed that if a person did something that would be wrong for someone else, they should receive the justice of having the same thing happen to them. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  The code of law helped to unify Babylonia, and parts of it helped to base our justice system in the present day world. Also, it provided the principle values for ethical law, class structure, gender relationships, and religion. ||
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **

Yali's Question:

1.) Yali's question is... "Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little much cargo of our own?" 2.) This is an important question for a few different reasons. One being, that for many centuries there has been a big debate over racism all over the world. What Yali is basically stating in his question is that whites are able to do and accomplish way more than the black people of New Guinea. He refers to cargo because when you have cargo you trade your cargo for cargos of other nations therefore making you really successful. By asking this question it seems like Yali isnt just questioning why the whites have better and more cargo, than the blacks, it also seems like he is trying to get the point across that white people have life better than black people. This has been an ongoing question and problem for a long time. Also, people could think that he was asking something along the lines of questioning to why so many people have so much power over others. For example, in classical india there was the caste system which specifized which people had power over which people. Yali could also, be referring to something like this when he asked his question. 3.) By truely understanding the answer to Yali's question, someone could become a better historian, because to truely understand it you would have to examine all of the odds and really look into and reasearch every possible meaning to why he asked this particular question. The longer you research about a certain topic the more you will be able to retain in your brain. A historian studies all of the topics that they possibly can in order to truely be able to understand a question like this. 4.) I personally would answer Yali's question like this,... Yali refers to people with a lot of power as "white people" and people with not that much power or those who are less superior to "white people" as "black people". The white people he is referring to have developed so much cargo because they have the most power, knowledge, and wealth, because they are considered the upper class. The black people have a lot less cargo than the white people, because they are poorer than the whites, meaning that they do not have as much power, wealth, or knowledge to create and fund cargo items to trade. 5.) One example of an objection to Yali's question is stated as... "If we succeed in explaining how some people came to dominate other people, may this not seem to justify the domination." This means that if this question was answered, it would mean that more people would start to wonder and question to how and why some people can have so much while others have so little. This observation from people could start clashes and wars between the classes, causing chaos throughout the nation. 6.) Yes, I can say that i believe that the New Guineans are more intelligent than the Westerners, because they had a more structured and pratical way of life. An example of how the people of New Guinea could be considered more intelligent than the westernors is the way the children live. American children are known to be spoiled with all kinds of oppurtunities like televisions, and video games, while the children of New Guinea had no oppurtunities like those. By not having those oppurtunities it gave those kids more time to learn and play outside which allowed them to pick up on more things and retain them inside their heads. 7.) Yes, I think that location and environment can control different courses of history for different nations, because the environment controls many crucial aspects to a civilization or nations survival. For example, climate is a key factor in allowing what grows in what country that can be used for trading and for the country, nation, or civilizations own benefit.

Chapter 1 Summary:

In 10,000 B.C.E. a new kind of species walked the earth for the very first time. This species known as humans (differ from other primates) have existed for 2-2.5 million years (at this time period), which is 1/4000 of the time that this earth has existed. During the Paelothic (Old Stone Age) Age, which describes for the most part the first 2 million years of our species true existence. During the Paelothic Age, which happened about 14,000 years ago human beings survived by only using suitably shaped rocks and sticks for hunting and warfare. The realization of fire was also recognized duriing this period around 750,000 years ago. The appropraiate name for the human species of Homo erectus, between 500,00 and 750,00 B.C.E. the species developed and spread in Africa, then to Asia, and then traveled all the way to Europe. The Home erectus were the first of the human species that are said to have walked this earth.

A second new species of human were saud to have originated about 240,00 years ago. It is said that all humans of the present day world are descendents of this direct species of humans. After the origination of the homo sapiens people began to hunt for their food and gather berries and nuts. Even with tactics like these, it was still not enough to support these many elaborate societies. Because of this, Paeolothic people eventually improved their tools such as the crude shaping of a stone to help with hunting and they even were able to create cave paintings that would express the sense of nature's beauty and power. This then led to the Ice Age, where all of the land was covered in ice.

The Neolithic (New Stone) Age cam second to the Paleolithic Age. During this time period people made more technological and key advancements in the success of our present day world. For example it was during this period that man developed betterr systems and methods such as domesticating animals to help quicken up the pace of agriculture. Because of this key advancement and the many others, agricultural products became easier to harvest, therefore making it easier for these sociteties to trade with each other and helped to ensure the survival of more people. Because of these methods the method of hunting and gathering, which took a lot longer was replaced and people were having an easier time finding food.

Also, during this period, a period of time later to be referred to as the Bronze Age occured. During the Bronze Age, in 3000 B.C.E. metalworking had become so common that it was so uncommon to see many tools that were made out of stone. Metalworking was a lot eaier and less time consuming than the process of work that people had to do during the Stone Ages to create their tools. These tools were crucial to allowing the success of the human species to continue. Tools like the metal hoe allowed farmers to work their ground more reffectively and faster.

Villages known and Neolithic Villages, such as the Catal Huyuk were then founded beginning in 7000 B.C.E. These houses that were made out of mudbricks became the first ever civilizations of the period. The larger villages became the civilizations while other smaller villages, became ruled by them. Many of these civilizations began to develop their own form of writing which helped trade in their regions flourish and communication between civilizations a lot faster.