Islam


 * crusades.jp ||
 * crusades.jp ||


 * E || * Mecca, a town founded by the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh Bedouin tribe was the leading and most successful town for trade.
 * One of the major reasons for this, was because of the Ka’ba (a religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia), which attracted a lot of merchants and customers for Mecca’s bazaars.
 * The Ka’ba also, during times of the year, was known to be the focus of an obligutary truce in the interclan feuds. Because of this, the people did not have to fear assaults from rival groups, which allowed merchants and Bedouins to want to come to Mecca to trade.
 * Another town, Medina, was also known for its trade, where many of the people grew wheat, and date palms (provided seeds and fruit, which could be used to feed camels). The Medinas would then trade with Bedouin travelers, who needed these kinds of things to feed their camels. ||
 * S || * Bedouin, herders (nomadic culture) lived in kin related clan groups and used tents in order to be able to move around quickly. (They followed the basis of a hunting and gathering life-style).
 * Since it was a hard land to produce crops on, many of the loyalties resided on the strict dependence of loyalty to one’s family and clan. To ensure their survival, they had to depend on the cooperation and support from their fellow kin members.
 * If they chose not to cooperate with their kin they would be cut off or expelled from it, which would usually proved to be fatal.
 * Beneath the shaykhs warriors were the slave families, who usually came from remnants of rival clans defeated in war, who would serve the shaykhs and usually the clan as a whole.
 * Women played key economic roles, such as milking camels and weaving cloth, while raising the children.
 * Many of the men from the tribes were often on the move which then allowed both men and women to have multiple marriage partners. (unlike the classical period)
 * Even though the women were allowed to carry careers, they were still no considered equal to men. ||
 * P || * The leaders of the tribes were called shaykhs, were elected from the councils of elder advisors. They were almost always men with large herds, several wives, many children, and numerous retainers.
 * The shaykhs dictates (followers) were usually made up of bands of free warriors whose families made up a large majority of the clan.
 * I || * Women played key economic roles, such as milking camels and weaving cloth, while raising the children.
 * Many of the men from the tribes were often on the move which then allowed both men and women to have multiple marriage partners. (unlike the classical period)
 * Even though the women were allowed to carry careers, they were still no considered equal to men.
 * Medina and Mecca were the two major trade caravans in Arabia. However, due to lack of leadership and inter-clan rivalries Mecca became the better spot for trade than Medina. ||
 * R || * The recognized god for these tribes was Allah.
 * Both their spirits and gods seemed to be associated with night.
 * The main focus of the worship of he spirits usually took place on sacred caves, grooved trees and pure springs, where the bedouin people could escape from the heat and wind. ||
 * I || * One of the main Bedouin aspects of culture was poetry.
 * The poetry however was composed and transmitted orally, because there was yet to be a written language.
 * These poems were generally narrated poems telling of their kinsmen’s hero’s in war and the clans great deeds.
 * There are many blody and brutal battles on record.
 * The safety of the trade routes basically relied on what the nomadic tribes were up to and who would be or was in conflict with who.
 * Interwar in the clans ||
 * T || * They used their spears to hunt and gather their food.
 * Wells were common to see in order to make agriculture occur faster.
 * Oasis's were usually what the towns were bas from. ||
 * Oasis's were usually what the towns were bas from. ||

Islam Documentary Notes:

The call that calls 5 times a day in cities around the world nearly a .25 quarter of the world respond to it God is the most of great I testify their is no other god but God. I testify that Muhammed is the messenger of God. God is most great.
 * Islam has been one of histories greates achievements
 * launched an empire
 * muslim scholars reclaimed the society of the Greeks
 * set the stakes for the Renaissance 600 years before Da Vinci was born
 * began with life of a single ordinary man. his name was Muhammed
 * Muhammed was born in or around 570 B.C. in Saudi Arabia
 * parents gave him first taste of life in the desert when he was an infant
 * lived in Mecca when he was younger.
 * when he was 6 both of his parents had died
 * he was taken in by another member of the clan
 * his clan would share the stories that had been retold from generations to generations
 * poets were some of the most important people of the tribe
 * poet was said to have been the link to keeping the bedouins connecting celebrating triumphs
 * this was a dangerous warlike time
 * even a prophet would have to use a bow and arrow
 * his uncle taught him how to survive
 * the allegience was between the immediate family and within every single tribe
 * most of the lands are dry so water was considered precious. they had to protect there wells
 * only rains once or twice a year
 * each clan had its own seperate gods for water and air, fire had totems that
 * the Ka'bah one of the most religious places Mecca was a sanctuary that was where they had all of those totems
 * the Ka'bah was a place of great peace where all people went, where no one would fight, however, as soon as they stepped foot back out into the sand the conflicts would start again
 * this was a good place for trade because of the Ka'bah all conflict would halt
 * theire were Christians and Jews and Arabs of the desert
 * Muhammed became a merchant and had a great flair for trade
 * when he was 25 he caught the eyes of a wealthy women who proposed to him. she was a strong lady who was known as his mentor
 * had great contacts with different merchants
 * he was able to communicate with a lot of people. was able to dissolve feuds
 * when the Ka'bah fell local tribe leaders began to quarrel
 * Muhammed suggested that they all shared the weight and the honor of putting the black stone back in the Ka'bah
 * became known as the honorable one
 * used to go up into the hills of Mecca to meditate and think about things
 * he was said to have had this vision in a cave in Mecca where an angel in the form of a man appeared before him to say that God is all powerful
 * recited what he was told to many other people
 * months to come would bring more revelations with words even more beautiful than Arab poetry
 * was to spread something to all of the people. THERE IS ONLE ONE GOD!!!
 * one god meant one people no more tribal divisions
 * one of the most important things from is early teachings was the social justice message which basically said that there would be no more haves and no more have nots everyone would be equal
 * he was said to not be a poet because he wasnt speaking of desire he was speaking of god
 * Muslims means those speaking through the submission of God
 * Qur'an started orally but then had to be written down to avoid corruption
 * a revelation of spiritual teachings remains in Arabic
 * imagery conjures a picture of the afterlife
 * close would cover bodies so sand would damage the skin on your face
 * the mystery of God would always remain though not specifically deciphered in the Qur'an
 * rather than a physical image of God or Muhammed their is descriptions in the Qur'an
 * the only justification of Gods words themselves, not a picture because no one can picture God
 * as Muhammeds community grew, there became more opposition to it. people began to question where his miracle was, because Jesus had one, and Moses had one. Some said that the Qur'an was Muhammeds miracle
 * the tribes doubts increased and the idea of life after death baffled them
 * business suffered as people began to leave town scared for their own lives
 * they decided to try and run him out of time
 * they tried to get his uncle to throw him out of the tribe so that they could murder him without starting any tribal wars
 * those without clan protection were tortured and killed
 * after his wife and uncle died it was what the other clans were waiting for. interclan rivals continued
 * traveled to Yathrib in exchange for a safe place to stay for his people
 * for te people the ultimate test was to see how many of them would leave where there ancestors and tribes had lived for so long
 * Islam marks the true beginnings of caravans
 * he wanted to bring unity and peace to Yathrib
 * his work succeeded and Ythrib became known as the city of the prophet, Medina
 * Muhammed spread the word of Islam, but did not challenge any other faiths
 * beliefs that God had revealed himself to others such as Jesus and Moses, but people were beginning to be led astray
 * the Muskim community grew in Medina
 * Muhammeds house in Medina was the first Mosque.
 * while he was in Medina he was sent another revelation to make people look towards Mecca.
 * the goal of the people in Mecca was to wipe out all of the Muslims
 * call to mosque became the first pillar shamadah

Documentary Summary: Early Islam was full of interclan rivalries and chaos. It wasnt until Muhammad (570 C.E.- 632 C.E.) that the clans would find some peace and unity with each other.When Muhammad was a child, he was orphaned and raised by his clan and his uncle. His uncle taught him ecerything that he would need to know in order to survive. As an adult, Muhammad wanted to create unity and peace among clans. One day, when he was in a cave in the mountains he received a revelation from an angel, who said "There is no god but God" and that Muhammad should spread what he was told to the people of Islam. Due to this, the Muslim religion was then created. The people of Islam took this religion very seriously. They had many different rules and regulations that had to be followed for their religion. They became known as the 5 pillars.Within the 5 pillars Muslims were told how and when to pray, among other things, and they were mainly created in order to keep the peace between clans. In the city of Mecca the Ka'ba was built as a place for worhsip. In this building, all of the conflict between the clans was forgotten and everyone worshipped together. However this peace did not always last. People were beginning to feel skeptical towards Muhammad and his teachings. This lead to Muhammad being forced out of town. He then went on to the city Yathrib (Medina) to help the people. He then spread the Muslim religion there until he died.

1.How did the death of Muhammad lead to the Expansion of Islam? 2.What were the motivations for Islamic conquest? 3.How were the Umayyads able to defeat their adversaries? 4.What caused the major division in Islam? 5.What was the extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads? 6.How were people of the book treated under the Umayyads? 7.Explain gender structures under the Umayyads 8.What factors led to the decline of the Umayyads?

1.) The death of Muhammed led to the Expansion of Islam, because his death unified all the different bedouin tribe. His followers were able to elect leaders that were in complete control and were able to carry on his wishes and traditions. 2.) One of the motivations for Islamic conquest, was since the unity of the small tribes, the warriors found a new sense of common cause and strength. Because of this, they felt like the could stand up to the non-Arab rulers who had played them against each other for so long. Also, early leaders of the community saw the wars of conquest as a good way to release the pent-up energies of the martail bedouin tribes they now saught to lead. The chance to glorify their new religion was also said to be a reason for the motivation in the Arab conquests, however they were not driven to be a desire to win converts to it. 3.) The Umayyads were able to defeat their adversaries because they refused to listen to Ali after the assasination of Utham. Was poorly prepared. Muslim invadors received help from Christians and other Muslims. The rise in the Arab naval force was able to control the Mediterranean which helped to control Syria and Egypt. 4.) The cause of the major division of Islam, was the split between the Umayyads and the other people of the Arabian cities. The Umayyads were becoming very powerful and controlled a lot. For example, they sought to keep the Muslim Warriors seperated from the rest of the people in order to keep people from intermarrying which meant the conversion and loss of taxable subjects. 5.) The extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads, were that there were many new laws and regulations, including the shift in political systems to Damascus in Syria, where the Umayyads chose to live after the assasination of Uthman. 6.) The people of the book were tolerated by the Umayyads,although those people had to pay jizya and both comercial and property taxes in order to keep their communities and legal system intact. However if they followed these regulations they were allowed to worship as they pleased. They were also required to be overseen by Muslim overlords. 7.) Gender structures under the Umayyads helped create better relationships between a husband and a wife.Women were allowed to due more and were not inferior to men, even though they still could not do that much in the community. For example they could not hold pray services. Also women recieved the bride price rather than the whole family. 8.) The decline of the Umayyads was contributed by factors. For example, they began to give in to luxury and soft living, which made them an easy target for people wishing to conqour them.

Preislamic Arabia: Cycle of vengance clan identity

Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)
 * equality
 * community
 * one god
 * merchant
 * united clans
 * started a religion
 * Abu Bakr was his successor (Caliph)

Sunni- Umayyad Shia- Split> Ali

** ESPIRIT Chart ** You must include main ideas and details in each category

Civilization/Nation/Group: Abbasid Empire_

Time Period_Before the Spread of Islam___


 * E || ** The main cause to the economic success of the Abbasid Empire was trade among other nations. Due to Donations from wealthy citizens, were able to fund the buildings that would make society a better place. **
 * ** Dhows were sailing vessels with a triangular sail that were used to carry goods that were available to be traded **
 * ** Donations (as required in the Qur’an) were used to fund the building of mosques, and religious schools, baths, and rest houses for weary travelers. **
 * ** Donations were also made to hospitals, which on the numbers of their patients and the quality of their medical care surpassed those of any civilization of that time. **
 * ** Both government run and privately owned workshops expanded and were established to produce a wide range of products, from necessities such as furniture and carpets to luxury items such as glassware, jewelry, and tapestries. ** ||
 * S || ** In previous civilizations of the Ancient World, women were treated as inferior to men. In early Islam, women’s position in civilization increased allowing them to be part of more things. However, years later when the Abbasid empire was beginning to crumble, women’s rights were as well. **

**1.** **Wives and concubines of the palace were restricted to remain in those parts, known as the forbidden quarters.** **2.** **Many of the concubines lived as slaves, who were able to win their freedom and gain some power by bearing healthy sons for their ruler.** ** (One of the 10th century caliphs is said to have had 11,000 eunuchs (castrated men) among his slave corps, while another caliph was said to have had 4000 slave concubines) ** **3.** **It was common for slave concubines and servants to have more personal liberties than freeborn wives** · ** Slave women could go to the market, while not wearing the veils and robes, which were required for free women to wear. **  · ** It was common for caliphs to spend more time with their concubines, than their wives. **  · ** Women from the lower class farmed, wove clothing and rugs, or raised silk worms to help support their families. Rich women did not have any sort of career outlets that were not involved within the household. **  · ** The legal age for a woman to be married was 9 years old, however they were raised to devote their lives to running the household. These women would take care of the children, run the household, and serve the men. ** **4.** **In the countryside the Ayan’s emerged during the early Abbasid rule.** · ** Ayan’s were Arab soldiers, who invested their share of the booty in land or merchants and administrators who funneled their profits and kickbacks into sizable estates. **  · ** The Ayans ruled over the peasants who worked on the land, but they did not own it. ** ||
 * **Concubine- Slave Women who** ** were usually kept for sexual purposes such as bearing sons for their rulers.**
 * ** Harem- The part of either the house or palace, where the women of the house lived. **
 * P || ** The Abbasid empire had a very successful political system in the beginning, however, due to the split division of Islam the political system was beginning to crumble. Their political system was then based on the necessities of life of the people. **
 * **Preoccupied by struggles in the capital and central provinces, the caliphs and their advisors were powerless to prevent further loss of land in the outer empire.**
 * ** ﻿Buyids- in 945 the armies of Persia who invaded the heartlands of the Abbasid empire and captured Baghdad. **
 * ** ﻿Buyids controlled the caliph and the court, but they could not prevent the further disintegration of the empire. **
 * ** After being conquered by the Seljuk terks (nomadic invadors), the Turkic military leaders ruled the remaining portians of the Abbasid empire in the names of the caliphs. **
 * I || ** Trade with other nations was crucial to the success of the Abbasid empire. Without these connections, dhows, merchants, artisans, and handicraft people would be unheard of and the Abbasid empire would have never been as successful as it was. **
 * **They traded along the Silk Road with China and India.**
 * **They had many powerful crops and there were many skilled artisans and Merchants that came from there after the death of Muhammad**
 * **The Dhows (ships with triangular sails) were used as means of trade, which caried the goods of the Abbasids throughout the Mecditerranean.** ||
 * R || ** The religion of the Islamic people was considered much more serious than the unstructured religion of the Umayyads. Due to the teachings of Muhammad the 5 pillars were created in order to control the Muslim religion. Mosques were then created as a place of worship. **
 * ** ﻿Sufis- Wandering mystics who went on in life who saught ** ** a personal union with Allah. **
 * ** al-Gahlazi was known to have been the greates theologian who struggled to bring together the Greek and Qur'anic traditions **
 * 1) ** Many scholars suspected that questioning the beliefs and characters of the Greeks, was against the absolute authority of the Qur'an **
 * 2) ** Sufism was a reaction against the impersonal and abstract divinity that many ulma scholars argued was the the true God. **
 * 3) ** The Sufis stuck to the monotheistic religion of Islam, however they stuck to the belief that a clear distinction could be seen between Allah and humans. **
 * 4) ** Some Sufis gained reputations as great healers amd workers of miracles, and some used bodily denial to find Allah. Others used meditation, drugs, songs, and sometimes even ecstatic dancing. **
 * I || ** The Abbasid empire had many great achievements in math, technology, and in the sciences. These advancements helped the Abbasid people to have smoother relations with other nations of the time. **
 * ** They were able to accomplish areas such as major corrections to the algebraic and geometric theories of the Ancient Greeks, and great advances in the use of basic concepts of triganometry: the sine the cosine and tangent. **
 * ** They also made two major advancements in chemistry: Razi's scheme of classifying all material substances into three categories: animal, vegetable, and mineral. **
 * ** al-Biruni was also able to calculate the specific weight of 18 major minerals ** ||
 * T || ** The Abbasid empire had some of the most important technological and architectural advancements of the time. They provided water pumps and windmills in order to help society flourish. **
 * ** They created water pumps and windmills to help society flourish. ** ||
 * T || ** The Abbasid empire had some of the most important technological and architectural advancements of the time. They provided water pumps and windmills in order to help society flourish. **
 * ** They created water pumps and windmills to help society flourish. ** ||

5 Pillars Summary:
 * Shahadah- the declaration of faith in Islam that states "I witness that there is nod god but God and Muhammad is the messenger of God" This relates to the Qur'an because the Qur'an is the holy scripture and Shahadah describes the peoples parts of the holy scripture.
 * Salah: The five daily prayers which are they duty of every Muslim to perform in different time slots. 1.) between dawn and sunrise, 2.) noon to mid-afternoon,
 * 3.) between mid-afternoon and just before sunset, 4.) at sunset, 5.) after twilight until night time. This relates to the Qur'an because when they pray, they are required to build a better community, because they (all the people) came together as one to worship. The main places to worship was the Ka'ba, located in Mecca.
 * Sawm (Fasting)- During one month each year, the people fast (no eatine or drinking except for during certain time slots. This helped to bring the community together, because they would eat the meals that they were allowed to eat together. This pillar relates to the Qur'an, because they would read from it everynight. They would read 1/30th of it everynight and would finish it by the end of the month.
 * Zakah- (Charity as a duty) - It was from this where the Muslims were required the donate to different charities by the Qur'an it was the due to these donations that there were enough funds to build hospitals and keep Islam up and running. This pillar brought people together, because they would donate money together and people would help each other and the less fortunate out.
 * Hajj (Journey to Makkah) - Every year they perform the pilgimage to the city of Makkah where Abraham, his wife and his son were all put on trial and sacrificed. This pillar involved the Qur'an, because there were readings in the Qur'an about this pilgrimage. Also, this helped to build a stronger community because the people would travel together and become closer.

Notes from pgs 160-167: Laura Sheehan 10/31/10 Period 4 APWH Summary on the Expansion of Islam into Africa
 * When the Muslims began to come from Islam, the people encountered a large scale influx of bearers which would then allow them to classify themselves as a sophisticated civilization.
 * The faith of invading Muslims had a more vigorous than the Hindus of India
 * The Hindus believed of the inborn differences between the varying levels of material wealth, status, and religious purity.
 * Based on the caste system of India, it was a more structured society than the society of the Muslims.
 * The invading Muslims emphasized on mobility and the a community of believers.
 * Sufi mystics and ordinary farmers began to move to south Asia and a lot of them ended up settling there.
 * Muslim rulers employed large numbers of Hindus to govern the Non-Muslim populations that they conquered from mosques and temples in various Indian cities.
 * Tensions were high between Hindu and Muslim lords, which caused constant warfare.
 * Muhammad ibn Qasim was a an Arab general when he was at the age of 17. He led an expedition against the King of Sind, he then carried on to lead more than 10,000 warriors into Sind. He and his warriors won after several bloody battles and he declared the region, the Indus Valley.
 * Arabs who emigrated to sind and other Muslim ruled regions often adopted the Indian dress, and hairstlyes, ate their foods and rode elephants, such as the Hindu kings used to do.
 * Even after the conquests of Muhammad ibn Qasim only a little territorry was added to the Muslim regions.
 * Disputes between the the first Umayyad and later Abbasid caliphs eventually weakened the Muslims hold on the area.
 * The third ruler of the dynasty that was launched in 962, by Turkish slaves which seized power in Afghanistan which was north of the recently named Indus Valley, was Mahmud of Ghazni.
 * Mahmud led series of expeditions that began nearly two centuries of Muslim raiding and conquest in northern India.
 * His raids and successors gave way in the last decades of the 12th century, which gave way to Muhammad of Ghur to come into power.
 * After suffering several major defeats by diiferent Hindu leaders, he put together a strong military which led to many military successes and brought the Indus valley and much of central India back into Muslim power.
 * When Muhammad was assasinated in 1206 Qutb-ud-din Aibak one of his slave lieutenents came into power.
 * Mongols, Turkic invadors, and indigenous Hindu princes began to fight over control of the Indus and Gangetic heartlands of Indian civilization.
 * Buddhists made up a great majority of Indians who converted to Islam.
 * Untouchables and low-caste Hindus were also attracted to the more egalitarian social arrangements, which promoted the new faith.
 * Islam won many of there many convets, however they did not take or make any of them convert by force.
 * Hindus saw the invadors as the bearers of an upstart religion and as polluting outcasts.
 * Al- Biruni was one of the chief chroniclas of the Muslim conquests complained that the Muslim invadors were being too overbearing and that they had a right to do as they pleased.
 * Muslim communites began to become influenced by the caste system of India. They were divided based on whether or not the person was Arab, Turk, or Persian. The high caste were the Muslim converts, followed by the "clean" artisan and merchant groups, then on the bottom remained the untouchables.
 * The Muslim Influx had unfortunate consequences for women. The invadors began to wed women at early and early ages.
 * Members in Bhaktic cults were open to all people including women and the untouchables. Some of the most known writers of poetry and songs of worship, were women, such as Mira Bai.
 * After years of invasions a large Muslum community was finally formed in India.

When the Muslim religion was beginning to spread, the region inhabited by the people of Islam began to decline. Due to this, these people expanded their territory into other regions such as Northern Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. In 600 C.E. Islam officially spread to Northern parts of Africa. After reaching Africa the islamic people (Muslims) had a great effect on the people who were already living there. People either converted to the Muslim faith or resisted it completely. Trade began to flourish in this region after the invasion of Islam. Also, it was said that Islam was the major external contact between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world until 1450 C.E. While in Northern Africa, the Muslim teachings that "all Muslims are equal within the community of believers", allowed the acceptance and tolerance for new rulers and conquerors easier. The idea of caliphs influenced many African Kings and helped them to reinforce their authority. Kingdoms, were created