Mongols

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 * SPIRIT Chart

Civilization/Nation/Group_ Mongol

Time Period 500-1450 C.E.

[|Mongol Espirit Activity]
 * E || * The Mongols led a very nomadic lifestlye traveling from place to place under the rule of Ghengis (Chinggihs) Khan.
 * Their survival depended on the herds on animals that they kept.
 * were said to have started trade and commerce between other nations and themselves through all of the land that they had conquered.
 * the herds of animals that they kept would travel from pasture to pasture with them ||
 * S || * leaders of the groups were men
 * it was saud that a mongols "life was spent on horseback"
 * boys and girls were required to be taught how to ride a horse as soon as they could walk.
 * tribes were the main focues of the groups of people.
 * Tribes were split up even more, into family (kin) related clans that herded together
 * however, in times of emergency tribes would combine themselves in order to survive, however these combinations of tribes only lasted for a few months or a few years. It would always go back to they family structured clans as there was before.
 * women had influence and could speak during councils.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">men were judged based on their leadership skills, which were emphasized by battle, their skill at hunting, and their aboility to attract allies and followers.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">rulers were tolerant and open to new ideas ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chingghis Khan was born in the 1170's into a clan and became the leader of it when his father die from being poisoned.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">when his clan was attacked he was taken prisoner by the rival clan
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">however, he managed to escape and was reunited with his family clan members.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">joined a group of more powerful mongols
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">soon clans and chiefs were wanting to become allies with him, because of his many skills in battle.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">He defeated many of his Mongol allies
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ALL of his soldiers were born warriors- which meant that they were rasied as warriors from the day that they were born.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">His army used horses and there was a lot of blood shed during his battles
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Many people died
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">People became unified under his rule
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">His army was organized and disciplined.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tumens: The basic units that Made up the Mongolian army. Each tumen was made up of 10,000 soldiers.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tumens would often be divided, and would even reach units such as 1000, 100, or 10.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Soldiers who deserted their units were to be executed at once
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ruled over .5 million Mongols
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Fortified cities: willing to adopt weapons and rules of other nations
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they developed siege weapons, rams, catupults, exploding balls, and bamboo rockets. these technological advancements helped their military strength grow.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghenghis Khan died in 1227 from a sickness
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">His empire was divided and split between his 3 sons and his grandson ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">traded with farmers from other cultures and nations in order to get the food that their animals could not produce
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Built bridges in order to connect the civilizations that they conquered and were now a part of their empire
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">traded hides and dairy products in exchange, for jewelry, weapons, and cloth form neighboring cities
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Targeted the Islamic world. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">All religions were tolerated as long as their people were loyal to the ruler at that time.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Ghengis Khan was a fair and wise ruler. ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">interested in different ideas to conquer different people
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they then became interested in the art and intellectual ideas of the people that they conquered.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">they had very few of their own
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Even though there was a mongol script (written language) most people were illiterate ||
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T || * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">weapons of great force, such as lances, hatchlets, and iron maces were used in battles
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">short bows ||

Pages 315-321 Notes: Main Ideas and Supporting Details

The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History: MI: Being the warlike society that they were the Mongols felt like they had to conquer as much land as they could in order to be successful, however, it took them the longest to conquer Song China.
 * Kubili Khan (Ghenghis Khan's) grandson became the leader after his granfather died.
 * From 1235 to 1279. the Mongols were constantly on the march and they fought many battles and they built well emerged Chinese cities.
 * In 1271 Kubili Khan changed the name of the Mongol regime to Yuan. He passed many laws to keep China and the Mongols two seperate cultures.

Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture: MI: The women of Mongolian society remained indifferent from the women as the chinese.Even though they were still not equal to men, they received more freedom and rights compared to other societies.
 * They refused to practice footbinding, which limited the activities of Chinese women.
 * Chabi. the wife of Kubili was in charge for most of the diplomatic and political matters and she prompted Buddhist interests in the highest cicle of the government.
 * The Chinese population then became mainly under Mongol Rule.

Mongol Tolerence and Foreign Cultural Influence: MI: Despite being a very warlike and brutal society, the leaders both Ghenghis and Kubili were fair and tolerated many beliefs and ideas of the people that they conquered.
 * Welcomed travelors and emmisionaries from many foreign lands to his courts
 * strong interests of all religions and insisted on tolerance of all dominations
 * Marco Polo lived and served as an administrator for 17 years. His descriptions of palaces, cities, and wealth influenced the inspiration of Asia to the Europeans

Social Policies and Scholar- Gentry Resistance: MI: Kubili created reforms to help peasants and merchants improve their ways of life behind the scholars. They were then able to move higher up into the social class system while he tried to diffuse the examination system so more people could participate in the political system. The Fall of the House of Yuan MI: By the 1350's the once powerful reign of the Yaun was finally beginning to fall due to many reasons such as invasions and a weaker government system. Aftershock: The Brief Ride of Timur MI: During the arftermath of the Mongol reign a new group of warriors, the Turks, led by Timur - i Lang who was a ruthless conqueror and was said to have been "capable of commanding his troops, to committ attrocities on a scale that would not be matched until the 20th century". Summary: After the death of Ghenghis Khan in 1227 B.C.E. his granson Kubiali Khan became the leader of the Mongols. During his reign, he was able to conquer one of the strongest nations of the time, China. However, Khan wanted to keep Chinese culture and Mongolian culture seperated.
 * Japanese conquered most of their empire
 * Secret religious sects, or the White Lotus society were dedicated to overthrow the dynasty.
 * The restoration of peace after the fall, was under the regional military commander Ju Yuanzhang who ended up founding the Ming Dynasty of China.
 * Despite the fact that his empire was smaller than that of the Mongols, he was remembered for his brutal and barbaric destruction.
 * His armies built pyramids of skulls, with the heads of people that they had killed.
 * tens of thousands of people were slaughtered.
 * Spared artisans and scientists in the hope that they would help his society to grow.